Case studies

• 2010 Haiti EQ

  Per capita GDP(PPP) = US$1200

  70% jobs = informal

  25% = extreme poverty

  50% of pop <20 years old

  Port au Prince w/ pop of 3.5 mill = no sewage system

  80% of PaP. Housing = informal , unplanned slums
• Volcano = developed country

  2010 Eyjafjallajökull (Iceland)

  • constructive margin, mid ocean ridge
  • basaltic magma, stratovolcano
  • vei= 4
  • no injuries or deaths
  • disruption to airlines affecting 10mil passengers and costing US$1.7 bil in economic losses
  • ice melt on volcano caused flash flooding
• Volcano = NEC


  2010 Merapi, Indonesia

  • destructive margin subduction zone
  • andesitic magma
  • composite cone volcano
  • VEI = 4

  impacts

  • 353 deaths 500 injured
  • 350,000 ppl evacuated BEFORE eruption
  • US$0.6 billion in losses
  • loss of rice harvest due to ash fall and some destruction of forests bc of pyroclastic flows
• volcano = developing countries

  2002 Nyiragongo, DRC

  • constructive margin
  • continental rift zone
  • basaltic magma
  • stratovolcano
  • VEI = 1

  impacts

  • 147 deaths
  • 120,000 homeless
  • 15% of city of goma destroyed by lava
  • major international aid response launched
  • US$1.2 billlion in economic losses
• Earthquake =developed country

  2010 Canterbury, New Zealand

  • mag 7.1
  • focal depth = 10km
  • subduction zone

  impacts

  • 100 injuries 0 deaths
  • widespread building damage bc of liquefaction
  • mag 6.3 aftershock in 2011 in Christchurch killed 185
  • total costs ~US$40bill
• earthquake = NEC

  2008 sichuan, china

  • mag 8.0
  • focal depth = 19km
  • continent - continent collision zone

  impacts

  • 69,000 deaths 370,000 injured
  • ~5mill homeless
  • >US$140bil in economic losses
  • 1/3 of deaths bc of landslide
• earthquake = LIC

  2015 Gorkha, Nepal

  • mag 7.9
  • focal depth = 8.2 km
  • continent - continent collision zone

  impacts

  • 9000 deaths 22,000 injured
  • economic losses ~US$5bil
  • killer avalanches on mt everest
  • many rural villages destroyed
• tsunami = developed country


  2011 tohoku, japan

  • mag 9
  • 9.3 m tsunami height
  • mega thrust subduction zone

  impacts

  • 16,000 deaths 6,000 injuries
  • US$300 bil in economic losses
  • 46,000 buildings destroyed 145,000 damaged
  • huge infrastructure damage to ports water and electricity supply
• tsunami - NEC

  2018 Sulawesi, Indonesia

  • mag 7.5
  • 7m tsunami height
  • strike slip fault zone

  impacts

  • 4,340 deathes
  • 205,000 homeless
  • economic costs of US$1~2billion
  • violent ground shaking tsunami and liquefaction contributed to high impacts
• tsunami = LIC

  2004 Indian Ocean

  • mag 9.2
  • 24m tsunami height
  • megathrust subduction zone

  impacts

  • 230,000 deaths and 125,000 injured
  • 1.7mil displaced across countires
  • US$15 bil in economic losses
• Destructive Earthquake

  2005 Kashmir EQ

  • most destructive in recent decades
  • mag 7.6 w/ severe ground shaking= intensity VII
  • vey rapid speed on onset = no change of evacuating the area
  • damage centred on muzaffarabad but spread over an aerial extent of more then 1000km^2
  • ground shaking lasted 30-45 seconds -> triggered landslides by the EQ contained for some time and aftershocks up to 6.4
• Kashmir EQ

  impacts

  • 87,000 deaths
  • 2.8 million disappears or homeless
  • 17,000 schools destroyed or dmaged
  • ~800 health centres destroyed
  • can be explained by poverty poor building construction time of day geology and terrain and isolation
• Kashmir EQ

  Frequency

  • no eq since 1905 so no collective memory of risks and impacts of eq in the region

  spatial predictacbity

  • In a ‘seismic gap’ = area of known risk but no eq for ages
  • should of been education and awareness to reduce the impacts
• Disaster context = Haiti NEC


  Port au Prince EQ, 2010

  • HDI = 0.48
  • 160,000 deaths
  • 1.5mil homeless
  • 250,000 homes destroyed
  • decades of corrupt ineffective and brutal gov -> Haitian ppl v vulnerable bc of slum housing poor water supply and poverty
  • post eq cholera epidemic infected 700,000 and killed 9000 by 2015
• disaster context = CHINA NEC


  sichaun EQ, 2008

  • HDI= 0.73
  • 69,000 deaths
  • 375,000 injured and economic costs of US$140 billion
  • economic losses in china = high showing its development progress
  • immediate response = rapid bc of the 2008 Beijing Olympic being months away so communist gov mobilised army and other responders rapidly