Section five

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Mabel smith

Cards (31)

What is section five
Crime prevention
What is crime prevention
Behaviours designed to reduce the likelihood of crime
What is defensible space
Environmental design of neighbourhoods. - high rise flats can lead to high crime rates
Who introduced defensible space
Newman - when people have a sense of belonging they will protect it
Why might high rise flats have more crime
The space doesn’t belong to anyone as it’s a shared area. People feel diminished responsibility
What is the research evidence for features of neighbourhoods
Newman - looked at how the physical design of housing can be used to reduce crime. Compared Van dyke and Brownsville two towns in New York.
What were the two towns compared by Newman like
Van dyke - high crime - flats
Brownsville - low crime - separate buildings
Why did Newman say Brownsville had lower crime
Greater surveillance
residents took more care for communal areas
What is the broken windows theory
The idea that in an area that has visible crime, crime rates will be higher
What did Wilson and killing sat the cause of crime was
Disorder in neighbourhoods- physical or social
What is the supporting research for broken windows
Zimbardo - left two cars alone for a week in two areas. One car had doors unlocked and no license plate in bronx (high crime) the other had license plate in Palo Alto ( low crime)
What did Zimbardo find in his car study
10 minutes into area one the car has been vandalised, in area two it was left untouched for a week.
after the car in area two had a window broken the crime increased.
What is the zero tolerance policy
A type of policing that involves dealing with ALL kinds of crime.
What are the three principles of zero tolerance
Address all types of crime
police need to challenge all crimes
humane methods need to be used
What are foot patrols
Community police are constantly doing patrols so can catch small crimes. Creates a safe environment
What happens if residents fear crime
They spend less time in their neighbourhoods public places and reduces social cohesion in the area
Example of zero tolerance
William bratton pioneered the zero tolerance in NYC. 8-10 officers were sent into the subway and arrested 10-20 fare dodgers. Sent a message that low crimes can’t be tolerated.
Effects of zero tolerance policy
Arrests for serious crimes fell by 22% as fewer were being committed .
what is the key research
Wilson and Kelling
Sample of Wilson and kelling
There is no sample as it was an article proposing the theory of neighbourhood safety and crime.
What do Wilson and kelling refer to
Newark foot patrol experiment.
What was the method of w and K
Naturalistic participant observation and case study
How do Wilson and kelling begin their article
Describing the safe and clean neighbourhoods program. This was to improve the quality of community life in 28 New Jersey cities.
What were the results of the Newark foot patrol experiment  
Five years later an evaluation of it was carried out by w and k
What did Wilson and kelling write
There were negative attitudes towards foot patrols.
police chiefs felt it reduced the management of his officers .
officers didn’t enjoy it
A fiver year evaluation of foot patrols found that it
Didn’t reduce crime rates
How did residents feel about foot patrols
Crime had been reduced and felt safer
what did the authors suggest
The officers were preventing crime though maintaining order
How did order maintenance reduce crime
Residents felt more confident to report crime because they felt something would be done.
Conclusions of Wilson and kelling
Wilson and kelling conclude that unchallenged behaviour can lead to the breakdown of community control.
theory of broken windows impacts upon residents as they become isolated and less involved
public order should be created and maintained
How can we prevent crime
Communal areas
foot patrols