BIOPSYCH

• After you stare at a bright green object for a minute and look away, you see red. Which theory attempts to explain this finding?

  Opponent-process theory
• The law of specific nerve energies states that ____.

  Every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light
• According to the law of specific nerve energies, the brain tells the difference between one sensory modality and another by ____.

  Which neurons are active
• Light from the right half of the world strikes which part of the retina?

  The left half
• In comparison to the rods, cones are more ____.

  Sensitive to detail
• Which statement characterizes the fovea?

  It has the greatest perception of detail
• Rods are to ____ as cones are to ____.

  The periphery; the fovea
• Difficulty distinguishing between ____ and ____ is the most common form of color vision deficiency.

  Red; green
• In the human retina, messages go from receptors at the back of the eye to ____.

  Bipolar cells
• Light enters the eye through an opening in the center of the iris called the ____.

  Pupil
• Chemicals that release energy when struck by light are called ____.

  Photopigments
• According to the retinex theory, we perceive color by ____.

  Contrasting the activity in one area of the visual field with that of the others
• Why do humans perceive faint light better in the periphery of the eye?

  More receptors in the periphery than in the fovea funnel input to each ganglion cell
• At the level of rods and cones, the ____ theory seems to fit best, while at the level of the bipolar cells, the ____ theory seems to fit best.

  Trichromatic; opponent process
• In what order does visual information pass through the retina?

  Receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
• Color and brightness constancy are best explained by the ____ theory of color vision.

  Retinex
• In comparison to cones, rods ____.


  Are more sensitive to dim light
• According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, the most important factor in determining the color we see is the ____.

  Relative activity of short, medium, and long wavelengths
• Which receptors are responsible for the perception of color?

  Cones only
• Which statement is TRUE with regard to peripheral vision?


  It is easier to recognize single objects in the periphery that are not surrounded by other objects
• The name of the point at which the optic nerve leaves the retina is called the ____.

  Blind spot
• The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell?

  Ganglion cells
• Why does the fovea provide the clearest, most detailed visual information?

  It has tightly packed receptors
• Bipolar cells send their messages to ____, which are located close to the center of the eye.

  Ganglion cellsSee an expert-written answer!We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
• The most common form of color vision deficiency is due to ____.

  Long- and medium-wavelength cones making the same photopigment
• According to the trichromatic theory of color vision ____.

  Our perception of color depends on the relative activity of three types of cones
• ____ modify the ____ sensitivity to different wavelengths of light.

  Opsins; photopigments
• ____ are chemicals that release energy when struck by light.

  Photopigments
• Light energy converts 11-cis-retinal to ____.

  All-trans-retinal
• Color constancy is the ability to ____.

  Recognize the color of an object despite changes in lighting
• What is responsible for sharpening contrast at visual borders?

  Lateral inhibition
• Cortical area ____ appears to be where conscious visual perception occurs.

  V1
• What type of cell responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation anywhere within its large receptive field, regardless of the exact location of the stimulus?

  Complex
• What is one way to determine whether a given cell in the primary visual cortex is "simple" or "complex"?

  Whether it can respond equally to lines in more than one location
• Horizontal cells receive their input from ____, and they send output to ____.

  Rods and cones; bipolar cells
• What is the shape of the receptive field to which a simple cell in the primary visual cortex responds?

  Bar in a particular orientation
• The ability to detect movement better than color in our peripheral vision is largely due to ____.

  Magnocellular neurons in the periphery
• Branches of the optic nerve go directly to what areas of the brain?

  Lateral geniculate and superior colliculus
• The lateral geniculate nucleus is part of the ____.

  Thalamus
• Infants with cataracts need to have surgical repair ____.


  As early as possible