Milgrams

• What was the aim of the Milgram experiment?

  To discover if citizens would obey beyond morals
• How many participants were in the Milgram experiment?

  40 US males
• Who were the two roles in the Milgram experiment?

  Teacher and learner
• What happened to the learner if they made a mistake?

  They were shocked with increasing voltage
• What was the maximum voltage used in the Milgram experiment?

  450V
• What did the learner do after reaching 300V?

  Protested and pretended to be unconscious
• What percentage of participants obeyed to the maximum voltage?

  65%
• What conclusion was drawn from the Milgram experiment?

  People will obey authority beyond their morals
• What are the strengths of the Milgram experiment?

  • Real-world application to extreme obedience
  • Highly controlled conditions
• What are the weaknesses of the Milgram experiment?

  • Ethical concerns regarding verbal prods
  • Lacks ecological validity
  • Lacks population validity (only males)
  • Lacks temporal validity
• What did Perry find regarding verbal prods in the Milgram experiment?

  Experimenter used more than 4 verbal prods
• What did Hofling's study find regarding obedience?

  Found obedience even in a field study
• What was a limitation regarding the population in the Milgram experiment?

  Only males were included in the sample
• What did Milgram (1974) find regarding gender differences in obedience?

  No gender differences were found
• What did Burger (2009) find regarding temporal validity?

  No differences in obedience were found
• How did proximity of authority affect obedience in the Milgram experiment?

  Obedience dropped to 20% over the phone
• What was the effect of the proximity of the victim on obedience?

  Obedience dropped to 40% in the same room
• What happened to obedience when participants had to push the learner's hand onto the shock plate?

  Obedience dropped to 30%
• How did the location of the experiment affect obedience?

  Obedience dropped to 48% in a run-down office
• What effect did the experimenter's uniform have on obedience?

  Obedience dropped to 20% in casual clothing
• How did the presence of allies affect obedience in the Milgram experiment?

  Obedience dropped to 10% with two rebels
• What happened to obedience when two teachers obeyed in the Milgram experiment?

  Participant obedience rose to 92.5%
• What do the variations in the Milgram experiment support?

  • Proximity of authority supports Agentic State
  • Location supports Legitimacy of Authority
  • Uniform supports Legitimacy of Authority
  • Presence of allies supports explanations of obedience
• What did Milgram's study aim to test regarding authority figures?

  Why ordinary people obey extreme orders
• What percentage of participants in Milgram's study were willing to administer the highest shock?

  65%
• What was the initial belief of psychologists regarding obedience to authority?

  Only a few psychotic individuals would obey
• How did Milgram's findings challenge previous beliefs about obedience?

  Most people are obedient under certain conditions
• What are the key features of Milgram's original obedience experiment?

  • Participants believed they were in a memory study
  • Roles of teacher and learner were fixed
  • Electric shocks were simulated, not real
  • Authority figure was a scientist in a lab coat
• What was the role of the Confederates in Milgram's experiment?

  They acted as participants aware of the study
• What did participants hear when they administered shocks?

  The learner crying out in pain
• What was the significance of the authority figure's presence in the same room?

  It increased obedience rates among participants
• What is an agentic state according to Milgram?

  A state where individuals obey without guilt
• What is the opposite of the agentic state?

  The autonomous state
• How does socialization affect obedience to authority?

  It teaches us whom to respect and obey
• How do uniforms influence perceptions of authority?

  They act as visible symbols of authority
• What effect did changing the location of the experiment have on obedience rates?

  Obedience dropped when moved to a rundown office
• What was the obedience rate when the authority figure gave instructions via telephone?

  21%
• What does Milgram suggest happens when participants are further from the authority figure?

  They return to a more autonomous state
• What methodological flaws have been criticized in Milgram's research?

  Lacks mundane realism and ecological validity
• What is a counter-dispositional explanation for obedience suggested by Adorno?

  People with authoritarian personalities obey more