DNA

• What is the purpose of transcription and translation of DNA 


  Protein synthesis
• mRNA acts as a messenger of DNA code to ribosomes in transcription
• the synthesis of mRNA copied from the DNA base sequence by RNA polymerase in 5' to 3' direction
• RNA polymerase binds to promoter region during initiation stage of transcription
• RNA has no thymine,instead has uracil pair with adenine
• the anti-sense strand is the strand of DNA that is in contact with mRNA
• transcription factors are proteins that are involved in the process of converting or transcribing DNA to RNA and regulate gene expression
• modification of mRNA includes: splicing, addition of caps and tails , and introns, protection from nucleotides or other harmful substances
• role of enhancers is to increase transcription by binding to the operator
• role of silencers is to decrease transcription by binding to the operator
• role of promotor-proximal elements in gene expression: initiate transcription by binding to the operator
• Using trial and error, Watson and Crick were able to assemble a DNA model that demonstrated the following: the double helix is made up of two strands of nucleotides, not triple helix; bases are on the inside not outside; nitrogenous bases are complementary
• Production of human insulin in bacteria is an example of the universality of the genetic code allowing for gene transfer between species
• human insulin produced from bacteria by cultivating recombinant plasmids with human insulin gene