physics paper two

• What topics does AQA GCSE Physics Paper 2 cover?

  Forces, waves, magnetism, and space
• What is a force?

  A push or pull on an object
• What are the two types of forces?

  Contact and non-contact forces
• What is the significance of electrostatic repulsion in contact forces?

  It explains why contact forces occur
• What is a normal contact force?

  The force exerted perpendicular to a surface
• How can forces be represented?

  With vectors showing direction and magnitude
• What does the length of a force vector indicate?

  The magnitude of the force
• What is a resultant force?

  The overall force acting on an object
• How do you find the resultant force when two forces act in opposite directions?

  Add the vectors, using negatives for opposite directions
• How do you find the resultant force when vectors are at right angles?

  Use Pythagoras' theorem
• What is Newton's first law of motion?

  An object will not change velocity unless acted upon
• What is a scalar quantity?

  A quantity with only magnitude
• What is the difference between displacement and distance?

  Displacement includes direction, distance does not
• How is weight calculated?

  Weight = mass × gravitational field strength
• What is the gravitational field strength on Earth?

  9.8 N/kg
• What must be true for forces to be balanced?

  The upward force must equal the downward force
• What is the work done when lifting an object at constant speed?

  Equal to the weight of the object times height
• What is the equation for work done?

  Work done = force × distance moved
• What is gravitational potential energy (GPE)?

  Energy gained when an object is lifted
• What is the unit for spring constant?

  Newtons per meter (N/m)
• What is Hooke's Law?

  Force = spring constant × extension
• What does it mean for a material to stretch elastically?

  It returns to its original shape after force removal
• What is the principle of moments?

  Moments clockwise equal moments anticlockwise
• What is the equation for pressure?

  Pressure = force / area
• What is the unit for pressure?

  Pascal (Pa)
• How does pressure change with depth in water?

  Pressure increases with greater depth
• What is the equation for calculating pressure at a depth?

  Pressure = height × density × gravitational field strength
• What is the density of water?

  1,000 kg/m³
• What causes gas pressure?

  Collisions of gas particles with surfaces
• How can gas pressure be increased?

  By adding more gas or reducing volume
• What happens to atmospheric pressure with altitude?

  It decreases with higher altitude
• How is speed calculated?

  Speed = distance / time
• What does a distance-time graph's gradient represent?

  The speed of the object
• What does a velocity-time graph's gradient represent?

  The acceleration of the object
• What is the unit of acceleration?

  m/s²
• What does a negative gradient on a velocity-time graph indicate?

  The object is decelerating
• What is the acceleration of a falling object?

  9.8 m/s²
• How can you find the distance traveled from a velocity-time graph?

  Calculate the area under the graph
• What is the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration?

  F = ma (Force equals mass times acceleration)
• What is inertia?

  The tendency of an object to resist changes in motion