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• Vitamin E


  A fat-soluble vitamin that acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from damage
• Nutrition is a crucial aspect of health and well-being
• Calories


  A measure of energy derived from food. One nutritional calorie (Cal) = 1000 cal, or 1 kcal
• Energy needed to raise the temperature of 3000 kg of water by 1 0C is equivalent to 3000 Cal
• Basal metabolic caloric requirement

  1800 Cal/day (males) and 1300 Cal/day (females)
• Imbalance in calories


  Leads to health problems such as chronic caloric starvation (marasmus) and excess caloric intake (obesity)
• Carbohydrates


  • Starch
  • Lactose
  • Sucrose
  • Glucose
  • Fructose
• Glycemic index (GI)


  A ranking system that measures how quickly carbohydrates in food elevate blood glucose levels compared to a reference food, typically pure glucose
• Consuming high GI foods


  Causes rapid spikes in blood glucose levels, leading to increased insulin secretion and potential adverse effects on health
• Low GI foods


  Promote more stable blood glucose levels
• Insulin resistance


  Occurs when cells become less responsive to the effects of insulin
• High GI diets


  Are associated with insulin resistance and an increased risk of chronic conditions like type 2 diabetes
• Fats


  The most concentrated source of energy and must be hydrolyzed first by lipases, which are enzymes in the small intestine
• Bile salts


  Serve to disperse the large lipids into finer colloidal particles before lipases can act on them. Bile salts are produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder as precursor molecules cholesterol and essential fatty acids linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and arachidonic acid
• Protein


  Main use is to add on to the amino acid reservoir from which the body synthesizes its own proteins
• Denatured proteins


  Are hydrolyzed more easily by hydrochloric acid in the stomach and by digestive enzymes
• Stomach acid (0.5% HCl)

  Denatures proteins and hydrolyzes peptide bonds randomly
• Complete proteins


  Contain all of the essential amino acids and 50g/day of complete protein is considered adequate