APP 2013: Psychology 2A

• Identify the anatomical term for the following

  A) Hippocampus

  B) Amygdala

  C) Hypothalamus

  D) Thalamus

  
• Ambiguity in language
• Modus ponens argument: Affirming the precursor to affirm the inferences. "the mode of affirming"

  Existing condition
• Modus tollens argument: Deny by denying. "the mode of denying consequences by denying the condition
• Deductive fallacies: the use of faulty reasoning
• Logical reasoning involves deductive inferences based on the first two statements. It involves judging whether a given statement is logically valid
• Inductive reasoning involves drawing conclusions from observations or data, it does not involve logical proof.
• Different types of logical reasoning.

  Linear syllogism, categorical syllogism, inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning.
• Syllogistic reasoning: drawing conclusion from two given or assumed proposition/ assumptive beliefs.
• Dependent measure t test: The individuals in one treatment group are directly related, one to one, with individuals in the other treatment condition(s)
• Psycholinguistics: a field of study concerned with psychological studies of linguistics.
• Major of psycholinguistics involves: comprehension, representation of speech production and acquisition of language.
• Language: an organised system of sounds, symbols, meanings and rules for their combination that is used in communication.
• Phonemes are a singular unit of speech sounds
• Morphemes are meaningful combinations of sounds that cannot be broken down further.
• Syntaxs are rules governing how words are combined to form meaningful utterances. They are the basic structure of a sentence
• Semantic is the study of meaning in language, including the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences
• Pragmatics is the study of language in context, including how language is used in different situations.
• What is the relationship between syntax and semantics?

  Both contribute to helping us understand sequences of words. More knowledge we have, it better improves our ability to communicate.
• Content Validity refers to the degree to which a test or questionnaire covers all aspects of the concept being measured. For example, if measuring intelligence, then questions must cover various areas such as memory, problem solving, etc.
• The advantages of a dependent measure t-test are that it can study change over time, remove individual differences from error and is suitable for small sample size.
• The disadvantage of a dependent measures t-test is that there may be practice effects (i.e., participants improve their performance on the second trial). This would inflate the difference score and lead to an underestimation of the true effect size.
• The independent samples t-test compares two groups with no overlap in membership. It tests whether the means of two populations differ significantly.