industrial period

• changes in england:

  • Economy grew
  • Population
  • Cities bilt
  • Factories built
  • Society grew
  • Marriage age dropped
• crimes:

  • Petty theft
  • Drunkenness
  • Murder
  • Smuggling
  • Poaching
  • Highway robbery
  • not paying your fare on a train;
  • vandalism on the tracks;
  • stealing water from standpipes in the street
  • failure to send your children to school (after 1870);
  • employing children under age (after the Factory Acts)
  • Asking for higher wages - Tolpuddle Martyrs
• policing:

  • 1748 - Bow Street runners. Professional thief takers
  • 1829 - Metropolitan police set up in London. eelers ( paid professional police force)
  • 1839 - Police force in rural areas set up/
  • 1856 - Police Act - all countries in England had to have a police force.
  • Hue and cry used until late 1800’s – newspaper
• trials:

  • Manor Courts/Petty sessions - JP’s dealt with minor crimes
  • Quarter sessions JP’s met 4 times a year to deal with more serious cases.
• punishments:

  • Fines
  • Flogging / whipping
  • Transportation to America intil 1770 then Australia - 1878.
  • Capital sentence 1743 - Waltham Black Act - led to 222 crimes being given death penalty
  • Reduced in 1820’s for only 5 serious offences
  • Prisons used to punish and reform - Silent and separate system.
  • Stocks, pillory and h/d/q – used until about 1750
• crimes factors:

  • Poverty and wealth
  • Population growth
  • Media
  • Attitudes in society
  • Key individuals
  • Religion
  • Government
  • Science and technology
• crime factors:

  • religious turmoil
  • political change
  • landowners attitudes
  • population growth
  • economic changes
  • printing
• Fines


  Paying money to the government to make up for your crime
• Whipping


  Being publicly whipped/flogged
• Transportation (Australia)

  Being sent to Australia to build there and reflect on your crime, would also do hard labour there
• Capital punishment

  Death penalty
• Prisons


  Being held in prison to reflect and attempt to reform you
• Stocks and pillory

  Publicly held and have fruits and things thrown at you by members of the public
• Goals act - first prisons used


  1823
• Separate system

  Separated prisoners to reflect on their crimes
• Bloody code


  222 crimes punishable by death
• Pentonville prison


  Newer prison idea where people were separated by gender needs and severity of their crimes
• Elizabeth Fry

  Pentonville Prison, good conditions for prisoners, taught them skills (knitting, reading)
• John Howard

  Prison reform, religion, separate prisoner types for safety, improve sanitation and stop bribery
• Robert Peel


  Included Fry and Howard's recommendations when talking to political figures in charge of prison control, prison inspections
• Prisons Act, silent system, bad treatment, kept alone, going insane, deterrent


  1865
• Theft was common because people were poor.
• Crime rates increased during the Industrial Revolution due to:
• Crime rates increased due to the Industrial Revolution as there were more opportunities to commit crime.
• Police forces were established during this time to combat rising crime rates.
• Metropolitan Police Force was created in London in 1829.
• Industrialisation led to an increase in crime as there were more opportunities for theft and fraud.
• People became desperate due to poverty and unemployment, leading to crimes such as stealing food or clothing.
• Crowded living conditions made it easier for criminals to hide and commit crimes without being caught.
• Crime rates increased due to the Industrial Revolution as new technology allowed criminals to be more successful.
• There were no police forces until the mid-nineteenth century.
• Bobbies patrolled streets on foot or horseback.
• Criminals could be arrested without warrants.
• Increased urbanization also contributed to higher crime rates.
• The introduction of machines meant that people could produce goods faster than ever before, but also made it easier for thieves to steal them.
• Increased trade and transportation networks provided more opportunities for smuggling and other types of criminal activity.
• Peel's New Model Police aimed to prevent crime by patrolling streets and stopping offenders before they committed crimes.
• The first police force was set up by Robert Peel in London in 1829.
• The Metropolitan Police Act (1829) established the first professional police force in England.
• Police officers wore uniforms to make them easily identifiable and instill fear into potential criminals.