Block 2 : Antony NS

• What are the two parts that make up the CNS ? and how are they protected ?

  The brain and spinal cord both make up the central nervous system. The brain is protected by the skull and the spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column. The spinal cord is enclosed within the bones of the vertebral column or spine
• Describe the anatomical references for the CNS ?

  Rostral will be towards the nose or Right at the front of the brain this is also known as the anterior region.Caudal is the back end of the brain which is also referred to as the posterior region.Dorsal is the top of the brain or "DOME" its also called the superior aspect and lastly ventrial is the inferior region of the brain.
• Describe the anatomical references of the spinal cord ?

  The rostral aspect of the spinal cord is closest to the brain
• What are the three planes of the brain ?How can it be cut ?

  Horizontal cut right through each side of the brain like ear to ear. Coronal is dividing the back and front of the brain and lastly the sagittal cut is splitting the brain into both left and right hemispheres
• What is classified as the back and front of the spinal cord?

  Back would be dorsal and front will be ventral .Rostral and caudal aren't usually used.
• What are the four main features of the brain ?

  Cerebrum , cerebellum ,brainstem , spinal cord
• What is the largest part of the brain and smallest ?

  Cerebrum is the largest and cerebellum is the smallest part of the brain.
• True or False there are more densely packed neurones present in the cerebellum than the cerebrum ?

  This is TRUE
• what is lysensephalic ?


  This means little and smooth brain with no grooves hence its for lesser mammals as there is a decreased surface area for cognitive activity.
• What is gyrensephalic ?


  This is a bigger brain with lots of gyro or grooves which means a larger surface area for higher mammals for greater cognition
• Give examples of lysensephalic brain ?

  Rats and rabbits
• Give examples gyrensephalic brains ?

  Dolphins , humans and primates
• What is the difference between sulci and gyri ??

  The brain appears to have a wrinkled texture which is just the sulci and gyri of the brain. The gyri is the area of the brain which protrudes up these are the ridges. Wheres the sulci is the grooves this can be remembered as sulci ink to the bottom lower than gyri hence they are the spaces between gyri.
• What are the 4 main lobes of the brain ?

  Frontal lobe (at the postal aspect ) temporal lobe (near the ear to hear the tempo of music ) Occipital lobe at the caudal aspect of the brain involved in vision. and the parietal lobe which sits dorsal at the superior aspect
• What is the 3 structures which makes up the brainstem ?

  midbrain , pons and medulla oblongata
• What lies between the two structures of the post and pre central gyri (ridges) ?

  The central sulcus. These three structures separate the frontal lob to the parietal lobe
• Where is the motor cortex of the brain located ?

  its located in the frontal lobe of the brain in the pre central gyrus
• Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located ?

  This is located in the post central gyri on the parietal lobe
• What does the central sulcus seperate?

  This separates the frontal and parietal lobes of the brain
• What are the two sulcuses ?

  You have a central sulci which operates the frontal and temporal lobes and then your have a lateral sulci separating the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe(like its cut across from side to side of the head
• list the main four sulci of the brain ?

  Central sulci , lateral sulci , parietal occipital sulci and the calcimine sulci
• Where does the calcarine sulci split ?

  its splits the occipital lobe and can't be seen from the outer surface of the brain only the inner surface
• What does the calcimine sulci show the location of ?

  It shows the location of the primary visual cortex
• Describe grey matter and white matter ?

  Grey matter is on the outer layer of the brain this is where all the cell bodies of the neurones are located.White matter is the militated axons which give it the white colour.
• what is the name of the thing that makes the cerebellum have an increased surface area ?

  Folia are leave like structures which allow the cerebellum to have a massive surface area with densely packed neurones.
• Name the three lobes of the cerebellum ?

  Anterior, posterior, flocculonodular
• What is the smallest lobe in the cerebellum ?

  flocculondular lobe
• What are the three main layers for the brain ?

  Dura mater is the outer thick layer which is attached to the interlayer of the skull, Below the dura matter is the arachnoid layer this is like a spiderweb.Then there is a gap which is called the subarachnoid layer then the thinnest layer called Pia matter which goes over the cerebrum groves and can be hard to separate.The dura mater acts as the skull cap
• What orientation is the grey and white matter in the spinal cord ?

  Grey matter is on the inner layer and white matter is on the outer layer , reversed from the brain
• True or False the spinal cord is part of the central nervous system and the spinal nerves are a part of the peripheral nervous system?

  TRUE
• What are the different layers of the spinal cord ?

  Cervical region , thoracic region , lumbar region , sacral region and coccygeal region
• 8, 12 ,5, 5, 1 is this the order of the spinal cord segments ?

  YES
• Give the structure of the spinal cords grey matter ?

  Sensory information is being carried by afferent spinal nerves to the spinal cord. Through the dorsal root of the spinal cord. There is also motor information being carried from the brain down the spinal cord for movement this is carried by efferent nerves.This information exits through the ventral horn of the spinal cord. The small space which separates the dorsal and ventral aspects of the cord is called the intermediate zone which the central canal will be located.This is where cerebral spinal fluid fills.
• Explain the white matter anatomy of the spinal cord ?

  The dorsal column where sensory information ascends to the brain , the ventral column where motor information descends from the brain and the lateral column which deals with both ascending and descending tracts
• What type of neurone is present in the dorsal root?

  Its a pseudo unipolar neurone
• How many and describe the ventricles of the brain ?

  There are 4 ventricles , two lateral , third and fourth filled with CSF