PE The skeletal system (P1)

• Skeletal System


  Gives the body shape and has many jobs to do, made up of various kinds of bones with their own functions
• Functions of the Skeleton

  • Making blood cells
  • Posture
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Mineral storage
• Bones contain bone marrow which makes the components of blood, including red blood cells
• Athletes with more red blood cells can perform better as more oxygen can be delivered to their muscles
• Bones store minerals like calcium and phosphorus which help with bone strength and muscle contraction
• Main bones of the body

  • Cranium
  • Vertebrae
  • Sternum
  • Ribs
  • Scapula
  • Clavicle
  • Pelvis
  • Humerus
  • Ulna
  • Radius
  • Carpals
  • Metacarpals
  • Phalanges
  • Femur
  • Fibula
  • Tibia
  • Tarsals
  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges
• Joint


  Where two or more bones meet
• Synovial joint


  • Allows a wide range of movement and has a joint capsule enclosing it
  • Ball and socket and hinge joints are synovial joints
• Ball and socket joint


  Allows movement in nearly any direction, the head of one bone fits into a cup-like area of another bone
• Hinge joint


  Allows movement in only one direction, can bend and straighten like a door hinge
• Examples of major joints


  • Hip (ball and socket)
  • Shoulder (ball and socket)
  • Knee (hinge)
  • Elbow (hinge)
• Connective tissues


  • Ligaments hold bones together to restrict joint movement
  • Tendons attach muscles to bones to allow movement
  • Cartilage acts as a cushion between bones to prevent damage
• Synovial joint structure


  • Bones held together by ligaments
  • Bone ends covered in cartilage and shaped to move smoothly
  • Synovial membrane releases fluid to lubricate the joint
• Types of joint movement


  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
  • Rotation
  • Circumduction
• Different joint types allow different types of movement
• During exercise, a combination of joint movements and joint types are often used
• Combination of joint movements in exercises

  • Push-up (flexion and extension at elbow)
  • Running, kicking, squats (flexion and extension at hip and knee)
  • Bowling in cricket (circular motion at shoulder including extension and rotation)