YEAR ONE MISS ESTRUCH

• What are monomers?

  Smaller units that create larger molecules
• What is a condensation reaction?

  Joining two molecules and removing water
• What is hydrolysis?

  Breaking apart molecules using water
• What are the three levels of carbohydrate size?

  • Monosaccharides: one sugar unit
  • Disaccharides: two sugar units
  • Polysaccharides: many sugar units
• What are the three monosaccharides to know?

  Glucose, fructose, galactose
• What are the three disaccharides to know?

  Sucrose, maltose, lactose
• What are the three polysaccharides to know?

  Starch, cellulose, glycogen
• What is the structure of alpha glucose?

  Hydrogen on top, hydroxyl group on bottom
• What is the structure of beta glucose?

  Hydroxyl group on top, hydrogen on bottom
• What type of bond forms between monosaccharides in disaccharides?

  Glycosidic bond
• What is the word equation for maltose formation?

  Glucose + Glucose
• What is the word equation for lactose formation?

  Glucose + Galactose
• What is the word equation for sucrose formation?

  Glucose + Fructose
• What are the functions of starch, cellulose, and glycogen?

  • Starch: energy storage in plants
  • Cellulose: structural strength in plant cell walls
  • Glycogen: energy storage in animals
• What is the difference between starch and cellulose in terms of glucose isomer?

  Starch and glycogen use alpha glucose; cellulose uses beta glucose
• What type of glycosidic bonds do starch and glycogen have?

  One to four and one to six
• What is the structure of amylose?

  Unbranched polymer that coils into a helix
• What is the structure of amylopectin?

  Branched polymer with both one to four and one to six bonds
• Why is cellulose strong?

  Hydrogen bonds create fibrils for strength
• What is the function of glycogen?

  Energy storage in animals
• What are the two types of lipids to know?

  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids
• What is the structure of a triglyceride?

  One glycerol and three fatty acid chains
• How are triglycerides formed?

  Through three condensation reactions
• What type of bond forms in triglycerides?

  Ester bond
• What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

  Saturated have no double bonds; unsaturated have at least one
• What is the function of triglycerides?

  Energy storage
• Why do triglycerides not affect water potential?

  They are large and hydrophobic
• What is the structure of phospholipids?

  One glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group
• How do phospholipids arrange in water?

  Heads face water; tails face each other
• What are the monomers of proteins?

  Amino acids
• What is the general structure of an amino acid?

  Central carbon, hydrogen, amino group, carboxyl group, R group
• What is a dipeptide?

  Two amino acids bonded together
• What is the primary structure of a protein?

  Order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
• What is the secondary structure of a protein?

  Folding or twisting of the primary structure
• What bonds hold the secondary structure in place?

  Hydrogen bonds
• What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

  Unique 3D shape of the protein
• What bonds stabilize the tertiary structure?

  Ionic, hydrogen, and disulfide bonds
• What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

  Protein made of more than one polypeptide chain
• What is the function of enzymes?

  Catalyze reactions by lowering activation energy
• What determines an enzyme's specificity?

  Unique shape of the active site