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Perspectives in Dentistry
The Far East
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Cards (85)
The Vedas (Four Sacred Books)
Rig
Veda
Sama
Veda
Yajur
Veda
Atharva
Veda
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Rig Veda
Knowledge of
Hymns
of
Praise
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Sama Veda
Knowledge of the
Melodies
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Yajur Veda
Knowledge of
Sacrificial Formulas
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Atharva Veda
Knowledge of
Magic Formulas
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Ayurveda
Science of life, a gift of
nature
to humanity, still practiced today (
herbal
medicine of Indians)
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Ayurvedic Medicine treatises
Charaka
(wrote on medicine)
Sushruta
(wrote on surgery)
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Doshas
Three basic principles of the human body: Pitta (bile),
Kapha
(similar to phlegm), Vayu / Vata /
Wind
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Imbalance of Doshas can cause
disease
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Dhalus of the body
Chyle
Marrow
Blood
Semen
Muscle
Urine
Fat
Sweat
Bone
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Any increase or decrease from the
dhalus
will cause
diseases
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Branches of Indian surgery
Salya
(
extraction
of foreign objects)
Salakya
(treatment of diseases of the
ears
, eyes, mouth, nose, and all other bodily parts above the clavicle)
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Religious
and
Ritualistic
aspect of Surgery
heavenly auspices had to be favorable
the god of fire was propitiated with offerings of curdled milk, rice, drinks, and jewels
the patient was seated facing the east, the surgeon on the west
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Sushruta Samhita
Father
of
Surgery
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Patient be given a
good
meal and strong
wine
before his operation
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NPO (
Non/Nothing Per Orem
)
Patient should be given nothing to eat at least
8
to
12
hours before surgery
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Extraction of
wisdom
tooth (
odontectomy
) does not generally require NPO as the reflexes are active
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Before operations on the
mouth
, the patient was advised against
eating
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Sushruta did
rhinoplasty
, removal of dead fetus, removal of
gall bladder stone
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Surgical instruments
Yantra
(blunt)
Sastra
(sharp)
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Dantasanka
Special
forceps
for
extracting
teeth
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Dental forceps
and assigned teeth
150# - maxillary incisors
44# - mandibular incisors
151# - mandibular premolars and canines
32# - maxillary premolars and canines
18L# - left maxillary molars
18R# - right maxillary molars
16# - mandibular molars
23# - cowhorn forceps (mandibular molars)
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Disapproved of
extracting firmly rooted teeth
unless there is
no choice
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Extraction
should be the last resort, otherwise it will cause complications like
teeth drifting
and bone recession
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Cryer
elevator - for cutting periodontal ligament
Straight elevator - position elevator between the tooth and the alveolar bone
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Prescribed excision for "fleshy growths of the palate... red tumors of the palate... and
tumors
over the
wisdom teeth
"
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If a
tumor
grew on the
gums
or tongue, it was scarified or cauterized rather than excised
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Consider the
mouth
the gateway to the
body
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Indian oral hygiene practices
Tongue scrapers
Teeth brushing
using
twig
from tree
Mouth rinsing
using
aromatic herbs
and spices
Brahmins rubbing their
teeth
for an hour while facing the
rising sun
, reciting prayers
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Indian dental medicine practices
Bloodletting
with
leeches
Bandaging fractures
Reducing mandibular dislocations
Potions
for
toothache
Scarification
Enemas
Use of
mouthwashes
, ointments,
gargles
Sneeze-inducing materials
Ingestion of
foods
to drive out
bad wind
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Vagbhata
Another significant person during the
Indian civilization
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Tooth worm = filling the cavity with
wax
and then
burning
it out with a heated probe
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Vagbhata's extraction forceps
were shaped like an
animal's head
, which is not suitable nowadays
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Vagbhata
believed that diseases of
eruption
fade away by themselves
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Sacred Tooth of
Buddha
Enshrined at the
Dalada Maligawa
, or Temple of the Tooth, in Kandy,
Sri Lanka
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Arsenic
Used by
Chinese
to treat decayed teeth, probably to kill the
pulp
and relieve toothache pain
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Chinese discovered
silver amalgam
for fillings (
Silver paste
)
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Amalgam composition
67
% and
74
% silver
25-28
% tin
6%
copper
2%
zinc
3%
mercury
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Silver Amalgam
Found in the following Chinese literature: Materia medica of Su Kung, Ta-kuan pen-ts'ao by Tang Shen-wei, Materia medicas by Liu Wen-tai (1505) and Li Shih-chen (1578)
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Things the Chinese domesticated
dog
pig
goat
sheep
horse
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