couples

• Which sociologists proposed the instrumental & expressive roles?

  Parsons (1955)
• What is the difference between instrumental & expressive roles?

  Breadwinner vs homemaker
• What did Bott (1957) mean by segregated & joint conjugal roles?


  Separate roles vs shared role
• Which sociologists took a march of progress view and suggested there was now the symmetrical family?

  Young & Wilmott (1973)
• Where was the research on the symmetrical family carried out?

  Bethnal Green
• What reasons were given for the rise in the symmetrical family?


  Changes for women, geographical mobility, new technology, higher standards of living
• What criticism was made on the study of the symmetrical family?

  Ignored class differences, over exaggerated men’s role
• What did Oakley (1974) say about the division of domestic labour?


  Husbands helped but no symmetry, men more likely to do pleasurable aspects of childcare
• How did Boulton (1983) support Oakley’s research?


  Less than 20% men had major role in childcare, should look at tasks carried out not just time spent doing them
• What did Warde & Hetherington (1993) say about the division of domestic labour?


  Sex-typing of domestic tasks remained strong
• What impact does paid work have on the division of labour according to Gershuny (1994)?


  Women working full time leads to a more equal division of labour in the home
• What is meant by the term dual burden?


  Women have to take responsibility for paid work & domestic labour
• What did Ferri & Smith (1996) say about the role of fathers in childcare?

  Fathers took responsibility for childcare in less than 4% of families
• What did Hochschild (2013) mean by emotion work?


  Responsible for managing emotions and feelings of other family members
• What do Duncombe & Marsden (1995) mean by the triple shift?


  Paid work, domestic labour & emotion work
• What additional role of mothers did Southerton (2011) identify?


  Coordinating, managing & scheduling family quality time
• What two explanations do Crompton & Lyonette (2008) offer for the unequal division of labour?


  Cultural/ideological explanation (patriarchy) AND material/economic explanation (women earn less)
• What pattern of domestic labour did Man Yee Kan (2001) find?


  Younger men do more domestic work
• According to Dunne (1999) why do lesbian couples have more symmetrical relationships?


  Absence of heterosexual gender scripts
• According to Kan, how much more a year does a woman have to earn to reduce her level of housework by 2 hours?


  £10,000
• In what ways does Kempson (1994) identify that household resources are not shared equally in low income families?


  Women denied own needs, rarely go out, smaller portions of food, skipping meals
• What two types of money management systems did Pahl & Vogler (1993) identify?

  Allowance system & pooling
• What did Edgell (1980) say about decision making in the household?


  Men make most important decisions, earning power dictates decision making power
• What did the personal life perspective say about money?


  Different couple have different meanings attached to money, one person in control does not mean there is inequality in the relationship
• In what way did Weeks et al (2001)identify some couples had ‘co-independence’ in their finances?

  Pooling for household spending & separate accounts for personal spending
• What are the five main forms of domestic abuse?

  Psychological, physical, sexual, financial & emotional
• What reason did Dobash & Dobash (1979) find for incidents of domestic abuse?

  Set off by husband seeing a challenge to his authority, argued marriage legitimates violence
• What two reasons are given for the inaccuracy of domestic violence statistics?


  Victims unwilling to report to police, prosecutors & police may be unwilling to intervene in private matters
• What is the radical feminist explanation of domestic violence?


  Its an inevitable feature of patriarchy
• What is the Marxist feminist explanation of domestic violence?


  Women are takers of shit