history - early tudors Y106

• what were the reasons for religious change under Henry VIII?

  -> Henry's wish for a divorce from Catherine of Aragon

  -> MPs spread there were widespread abuses in the church which allowed Henry to claim the need to reform

  -> anne boleyn was pregnant and this resulted in momentous decision to split ties with rome
• what were the religious developments between 1536 and 1539?

  1536 = act of the dissolution of smaller monasteries

  1536 = act of the ten articles

  1536 = royal injunctions which attacked the catholic practice of pilgrimages

  1537 = bishops book

  1537 = protestant version of matthew's bible

  1538 = royal injunctions ordered all parishes to have english bible within two years

  1538 = John Lambert executed

  1539 = publication of the great bible

  1539 = dissolution of greater monasteries

  1539 = act of six articles
• what were religious developments between 1539 and 1543?

  - Henry married Catherine Howard who was the daughter of a catholic duke

  1543 = act for the advancement of true religion - restricted access to the bible and to the upper classes

  - Henry gave cranmer protection against attacks from catholic factions
• what were religious developments between 1544 to 1547?


  - introduction of English Litany in 1544 replaced catholic use of Latin Litany

  - december 1545 an act dissolving the chantries was passed but by the time of Henry's death it had not been enforced

  - protestant appointments to the regency council 1546
• why were the monesteries dissolved?

  -> In 1535 a census was carried out and visitations showed that religious buildings were in poor condition

  -> this made it easier to convince parliament to close down the smaller houses

  -> 1536 act that closed smaller monasteries praised the larger houses - could suggest no plan to close larger houses at this time - however in 4 years they were

  -> most monasteries surrendered voluntarily with abbots receiving large pensions in return

  -> the second act of dissolution (1539) confirmed the voluntary surrender and at the same time another was also passed which promised the wealth from this would be used for social benefits

  -> due to the dissolution crown income doubled
• what were the religious motives behind the dissolution of the monasteries?

  -> main reason was bad behaviour of monks

  -> monasteries were upholding traditional religion

  -> monasteries owed allegiance to the main house which conflicted with the act in restraint of appeals

  -> many outspoken opponents of reformation were monks
• what were the financial motives behind the dissolution of the monasteries?

  -> financial security was becoming important for Henry

  -> any larger monasteries had net income of over £1000 a year this money would reduce need for parliamentary taxation

  -> provided with a large amount of land which could be sold to increase crown income

  -> most gains went to king and ruling elites

  -> many of monks left in poverty

  -> the wealthy gained land as they were the only ones who could buy it.
• what was the pilgrimage of grace?


  -> the rising occurred in the northern counties of England

  -> involved around 40,000 rebels

  -> outnumbered king 5:1

  ->began at Louth and spread across Lincolnshire

  -> more than just dissolution which caused initial outbreak of unrest

  -> news of rising soon spread to Yorkshire

  -> Henry delayed battle by sending Duke of Norfolk to negotiate rebels insisted that monasteries must not be closed before parliament met

  -> agreement met and rebels dispersed

  -> henry did not end up following agreement - executed 178 rebels

  -> RISING WAS SERIOUS DUE TO REBELS OUTNUMBERING KING, HAD CONTROL OF MAJOR CITY, CONTROLLED PONTEFRACT CASTLE WHICH WAS SEEN AS GATEWAY SOUTH, WELL ORGANISED UNDER ROBERT ASKE, ATTRACTED SUPPORT FROM ALL CLASSES.

  -> was the only large scale opposition Henry faced

  -> Henry was able to suppress opposition

  
• what is the argument that the pilgrimage of grace was religiously motivated?

  -> timing suggests religion played significant role

  -> aske claimed dissolution greatest cause

  -> rebels restored some monks to their monasteries

  -> first rising began in areas around monasteries

  -> the number of religious grievances in rebel demands

  -> monasteries important in religious life of the north as they often acted as spiritual centres

  -> rebels wanted royal supremacy to end and heretics to be attacked.
• why was the pilgrimage of grace a serious challenge to the reformation?


  -> the poor harvests in 35/36

  -> the issue of enclosure in areas near York and Lake district

  -> complaints about the scale of rents and entry fines

  -> taxation in peacetime

  -> opposition to the statue of uses from the gentry

  -> complains about cromwell

  -> supports of catherine and mary wanted to restore their influence
• Why did Cromwell fall from power?

  -> he was arrested and charged with treason in June 1540

  -> executed the month after

  -> those who brought charges against him claimed he was plotting to bring in a full protestant church to England

  -> the disaster of the attempted marriage between Henry and Anne of Cleves

  -> Catholic faction able to entice Henry with Catherine Howard
• what was cromwell's early life like?

  -> entered wolsey's service in 1516

  -> travelled extensively throughout europe

  -> entered royal service in 1530

  -> by 1531 master of the king's jewels

  -> he became Henry's parliamentary manager
• what were cromwell's ambitions?

  -> claims that he offered to make Henry the richest prince in Europe

  ->he never dominated the king's council

  -> cast himself as an administrative genius

  -> feared rather than envied

  -> career reached peak after the fall of anne boleyn

  -> however his power was weak as it was based on factions
• what were the issues surrounding Edward VI's age?

  factions

  -> potential development of faction and fear that england would return to civil war

  leadership in war

  -> concerns it would create instability as Edward could not lead troops into war and other states might look to exploit the potential weakness

  image

  -> weak image as a child

  -> the coin of 1553 presented him on horseback no longer a child

  unrest

  -> as england was to be ruled by a minor, social unrest was likely to happen
• what was issues surrounding Mary I's accession + need for marriage?

  -> she would be the country's first female monarch

  -> it was deemed important for defence and political strength that she would marry promptly to protect her reign

  -> if Mary died childless her protestant half-sister would succeed her

  ->Mary was 37 when she took the throne which created urgency surrounding marriage and children

  -> mary's intent to restore catholic faith could be facilitated with a catholic husband
• what was the nature of somerset's government?

  -> set himself up as more of a King than regent, Lord protector

  -> tried to govern without the privy council with somerset house in the centre of gov, resulted in little political support

  -> military background, so was a weak administrator who would not take advice
• what was somerset's foreign policy?

  -> continued war with scotland as he felt bound to continue

  -> spend £600,000 with no tangible return

  -> ordered fortifications of scotland policy which were badly positioned and expensive to maintain

  -> all of this added to domestic problems

  -> he personally led troops to victory in battle of pinkie

  -> alliance between scots and french added to invasion fears
• what were the problems with population under somerset>

  - population rising due to disease immunity

  - english sweating sickness ongoing pandemic

  - agriculture struggled to keep pace for food prices rose

  - bad harvests doubled impact

  - mini ice age led to poor summers impacting crops

  - famines caused

  - good harvests in the forties had meant falling prices and better life expectancy

  - reduced in more children

  - encouraged earlier marriage which in turn produced more children
• what were other agricultural problems under somerset?

  - food shortages due to no knowledge of crop rotation and lack of fertilisers

  - lack of demand in years before meant most land empty

  - switching between arable to sheep farming

  - sheep required less people so more unemployment

  - enclosure other major issue which was something somerset tried to control with enclosure acts in 48 and 49 but this was blocked by nobles who were profiting from it
• what were the positives with agriculture under somerset


  - enclosure led to more specialised farming methods which should have increased production, technically better for growing grain

  - other recent inventives such as 'floating meadows'

  - by the 17th century there was a surplus in grain and prices fell dramatically

  - it was transport more of an issue over grain
• what were the issues with prices under somerset?

  -> prices rising 114% by 1508

  -> inflation 400%

  -> Henry had devalued the currency in 1540s which made it worse

  -> more money in circulation but not food = rising prices

  -> dissolution of monasteries meant nowhere for poor to go for relief

  -> unemployment lead to more disorder and crime

  -> vagrancy act of 1547 doomed vagrants to slavery
• things done to fight issues with prices?

  -> government addressed this in 1553 introduced reforms which cut down number of coinage in circulation

  -> unrest relatively rare in 50s even during bad harvests

  -