Energy and Respiration🫁

• What is respiration?

  The enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds in living cells
• Substances must be moved across membranes against their concentration gradient, by active transport
• Cellular respiration occurs inside mitochondria
• ATP is made during cellular respiration
• Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm
• Glycolysis is the first stage of aerobic respiration
• Fermentation produces lactic acid or ethanol
• The Krebs cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondrion
• Electron carriers are molecules that can accept electrons from other molecules
• Electron transport chain (ETC) takes place on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
• Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
• Oxidative phosphorylation takes place at ETC
• Lactic acid fermentation converts pyruvate into lactate, producing energy without using oxygen.
• ATP synthase is an enzyme found on the cristae of the mitochondria
• Oxidative phosphorylation occurs during electron transport chain
• Why is ATP a good energy Currency?

  the hydrolysis of the molecule can be done easilly be hydrolysed and it contains a lot of energy. It is also a stable molecule
• how is ATP made?

  through a substrate linked reaction and by chemiosmosis
• what is chemiosmosis?

  The synthesis of ATP using energy released by the movement of hydrogen ions down their concentration gradient, across the membrane in a mitochondrion or chloroplast
• Outline the stages that happen in aerobic respiration?

  Glycolysis, link reaction, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
• what is glycolysis?

  Glycolysis is the splitting of glucose. it takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. In this process a molecule of glucose is converted into 2 molecules of pyruvate and it undergoes reduction and phosphorylation
• what is the link reaction?

  This is the decarboxylation and dehydrogenation of pyruvate, resulting in the formation of acetyl co-enzyme A, linking glycolysis with the Krebs cycle
• What is krebs cycle?

  it is a cycle of reactions in aerobic respiration in the matrix of a mitochondrion in which hydrogens pass to hydrogen carries for subsequent ATP synthesis and some ATP is synthesised directly. It is also known as the citric cycle
• What’s decarboxylation?

  The removal of carbon dioxide from a substance
• what’s dehydrogenation?

  the removal of hydrogen from a substance
• what’s acetyl co enzyme A?

  CoA and 2 acetyl groups
• what is CoA made up of?

  It is a complex molecule composed of a nucleoside combined with a vitamin (it could be vitamin B)
• what is oxidative phosphorylation?

  It is the synthesis of ATP using ADP and a phosphate using energy from oxidation reactions in aerobic respiration
• what is the electron transport chain?

  it is a series of membrane proteins that are held in position in the cristae. They are arranged close to one another so that the electrons can be easily passed from one to the next
• what is redox reaction?

  A chemical reaction in which one substance is reduced and another is oxidised
• In the electron transport chain, where does some of the energy get used up?

  in moving the protons from the matrix of the mitochondria into the space between the inner and outer membrane
• how many ATP molecules are made in glycolysis in aerobic respiration?

  4
• how many ATP molecules are made in the link reaction of aerobic respiration?

  0
• how many ATP molecules are made in the Krebs cycle in aerobic respiration?

  2
• how many ATP molecules are made in oxidative phosphorylation?

  28
• how many ATP molecules in total are made in aerobic respiraiton?

  34
• how many ATP molecules are used in the whole process and where are they used?

  2 and they‘re used in glycolysis
• What is the total net gain of ATP?

  32
• What are the cristae?

  They are folds that are present in the mitochondrian And the active cells have more packed cristae
• The outer membrane is permeable to small molcules as compared to the inner membrane
• the mitochondria has a envelope of phospholipid membranes