Bio BM2

• enzymes speed up the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy
• Ribosomes make proteins and enzymes
• if the endoplasmic reticulum failed to function the cell would produce less protein
• the Golgi apparatus modifies, packages and transports proteins
• the cell membrane controls what goes in and out the cell
• the cell membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer
• the mitochondria produces atp
• Prokaryotes dont have membrane bound organelles, or dna
• eubacteria has peptidoglycan, archaebacteria does not
• archaebacteria live in extreme environments
• facilitated diffusiuon moves materials from high to low using a protein channel
• Hypotonic solutions have less salt and more water
• Hypertonic solutions have more salt and less water
• water will always move towards the hypertonic solution
• Photosynthesis equation: 6CO2 + 6H20 >>> C6H1206 + 6O2
• Aerobic respiration makes 26 ATP
• Anaerobic respiration makes 2 atp
• law of segregation- a pair of homologous chromosomes will separate into 4 chromosomes
• Law of independent assortment - genes on different chromosomes are inherited independently from one another
• Law of dominance- certain alleles dominate other alleles
• crossing over increases genetic variation
• cytokinesis in plants produces a cell plate
• cytokinesis in animals produces a cleavage furrow
• Mitosis produces 2 genetically identical diploid cells
• meiosis produces 4 genetically different haploid cells
• Sexual reproduction increases genetic diversity and involves 2 people
• DNA- double stranded molecules with genetic code
• mRNA- single stranded, carries the code for proteins production
• rRNA- rna that makes up the ribosome
• tRNA- responsible for carrying amino acids
• Mutations that involve one DNA base is called a gene mutation
• directional selection- one extreme is favored
• stabilizing selection- the average is favored
• disruptive selection- selection against the average or middle
• Behavioral isolation- different mating rituals
• geographical isolation- physical isolation
• temporal isolation- breeding at different times
• Gradualism- slow and steady over time
• Punctuated equilibrium- rapid change followed by long periods of stability
• convergent evolution- unrelated species evolve similar characteristics over time