Racism

• Stephen Lawrence was a young black man killed at a bus stop by a group of white men who's murder went unsolved and dismissed until years later
• Arrests of black males rose by 5% from 2005 - 2010
• The Home Office found that 21% of people in custody are black despite making up just 3% of the population this is disproportionate
• Sky News found that 50% of murder victims and suspects in London are black despite making up just 13% of the population
• Black people are 9.7 times more likely to be stop and searched by police
• Right realists claim black men in the underclass are the most likely to engage in crime
• Right realists claim institutional racism does not exist and disproportionate crime figures are due to a higher likelihood to commit crime
• Waddington (2004) claims black males are more likely to be stop and searched as they are more likely to be offenders
• Canteen culture is the normalisation of racist and sexist attitudes in the workplace and is commonly applied to the police
• Cultural criminologists such as Carl Nightingale (1993) says black males are excluded from society so must resort to criminality to gain money and status and solve the paradox of inclusion
• Neo-Marxist Hall (1999) found that the term "mugging" was only applied in American media to property offences committed by black offenders and not white ones
• Neo-Marxist Gilroy (1982) claims black communities carry the scars of imperialist violence resulting in deprivation and therefore crime