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• What is the primary goal of medical microbiology?

  To diagnose infectious diseases
• How does medical microbiology diagnose infectious diseases?

  By detecting microorganisms or their products
• What information does medical microbiology provide regarding microorganisms?

  Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated microorganisms
• What is one aim of medical microbiology?

  To control infectious diseases
• Who constructed the first microscope?

  1. and Z. Janssen
• Who is considered the "father of microbiology"?

  Anton van Leeuwenhoek
• What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek discover?

  "Animalcules" and basic shapes of microbes
• What theory did Friedrich Henle propose?

  The "germ theory"
• What did A. Pollender identify in 1849?

  Bacillus anthracis as rods in animal blood
• What significant contributions did Louis Pasteur make to microbiology?

  Established microbiology as an independent discipline
• What did R. Koch introduce for bacterial isolation?

  Agar media
• What did J. Lister develop for surgery?

  The antiseptic method
• What did Otto Müller initiate in microbiology?

  The taxonomic classification of microbes
• When did the era of chemotherapy begin?

  In 1910
• What did Alexander Fleming discover?

  Penicillin
• What is the classification of organisms in bacterial taxonomy based on?

  Biochemical, physiological, genetic, and morphologic properties
• What are the three areas of bacterial taxonomy?

  Classification, nomenclature, identification
• What is the purpose of nomenclature in bacterial taxonomy?

  Naming organisms according to international rules
• What is the broadest taxonomic rank for bacteria?

  Kingdom
• What is the significance of the Gram staining method?

  It divides bacteria based on cell wall structure
• What is one criterion for the classification of bacteria?

  Growth on media
• What does numerical taxonomy use for classification?

  A large number of unweighted characteristics
• What is the limitation of numerical taxonomy?

  It does not account for bacterial evolution
• What does phylogenetic classification measure?

  Relatedness between organisms
• What is the definition of a bacterial species?

  A genomically coherent group of isolates
• What does G+C content indicate?

  Similarity in closely related bacteria
• What is the significance of ribosomal RNA in classification?

  It allows elucidation of evolutionary relationships
• What are the major categories of eubacteria?

  Gram-negative and Gram-positive eubacteria
• What is a characteristic of Gram-negative eubacteria?

  They have a complex cell envelope
• How do Gram-positive eubacteria reproduce?

  By binary fission
• What is a defining feature of mycoplasmas?

  They lack a peptidoglycan cell wall
• What are viruses classified based on?

  Virion morphology and genome properties
• What suffix do virus family names typically have?

  -viridae
• What is a basic difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

  Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus
• What is the approximate size of prokaryotic cells?

  0.5-3.0 µm
• What is the structure of prokaryotic chromosomes?

  Single, circular DNA, haploid genome
• What is the function of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells?

  Protein synthesis
• How is bacterial morphology studied?

  Using staining and a light microscope
• What is the size range for small bacteria?

  0.5 µm
• What are the shapes of round-shaped bacteria called?

  Cocci