Types of Data

• What is a fraction?

  A part of a whole number
• How can we represent study results as a fraction?

  By dividing the number in a condition by total participants
• How do you calculate the fraction of participants in Condition A?

  Divide 40 by 120
• What is the process to reduce a fraction?

  Divide numerator and denominator by their lowest common divisor
• What is the reduced form of the fraction 40/120?

  ⅓
• What does the term 'percent' mean?

  'Out of 100'
• How do you convert 5% to a fraction?

  5/100
• How can you express 5% as a decimal?

  0.05
• How do you convert the fraction 19/36 to a percentage?

  Divide 19 by 36 and multiply by 100
• What is the result of dividing 19 by 36?

  0.52777778
• How do you convert 0.52777778 to a percentage?

  Multiply by 100
• What is 0.52777778 as a percentage?

  52.777778%
• What does a ratio indicate?

  Comparison of one thing to another
• How is a betting ratio expressed?

  As odds, e.g., 4 to 1
• What is a part-to-part ratio?

  A ratio like 4:1
• What is a part-to-whole ratio?

  A ratio like 4:5
• How can a part-to-whole ratio be expressed as a fraction?

  As ⅘
• How can ratios be simplified?

  By dividing both parts by a common factor
• What is the simplified form of the ratio 10:15?

  2:3
• Why is estimation useful in calculations?

  To detect potential mistakes
• How can you estimate the product of 185,363 and 46,208?

  Round to 200,000 and 50,000
• What is the estimated product of 200,000 and 50,000?

  10,000,000,000
• Why is the actual answer smaller than the estimated product?

  Because both numbers were rounded up
• What is the actual product of 185,363 and 46,208?

  8,565,253,504
• What are significant figures?

  Digits that carry meaning contributing to precision
• How would you round 52.777778 to two significant figures?

  53
• How would you round 9,785,345,216 to one significant figure?

  10,000,000,000
• What is standard form?

  Representation of numbers as powers of 10
• How is 8,600,000,000 expressed in standard form?

  8.6 x 10⁹
• How is 0.0045 expressed in standard form?

  4.5 x 10⁻³
• How do you calculate the order of magnitude?

  By subtracting the exponents
• What is the order of magnitude of 8,600,000,000 compared to 0.0045?

  12 times larger
• What does the symbol '=' represent?

  Equal
• What does the symbol '<' represent?

  Less than
• What does the symbol '>' represent?

  More than
• What does the symbol '≤' represent?

  Less than or equal to
• What does the symbol '≥' represent?

  More than or equal to
• What does the symbol '∝' represent?

  Proportional to
• What does the symbol '~' represent?

  Approximately equal
• What are the types of data in research?

  • Primary data: Collected for current investigation
  • Secondary data: Collected by others
  • Quantitative data: Numerical data for statistical analysis
  • Qualitative data: Non-numerical, language-based data