Exam 3

• Body Composition = the body's relative amount of ___ and ___-____ mass

  type of ___-____ mass:

  • Bone
  • Water
  • Muscle
  • Connective Tissue
  • Organ Tissue
  • Teeth

  Fat, Fat, Free
• For Calculating BMI the formula is:

  BMI = Total Body ____(__)/ Body ____^2(_)

  Weight, Kg, Height, m
• Assessing Body ___ Distribution

  1. Waist ___ Measurement
  2. Waist to ___ ratio

  Assessing Body ___

  1. Body Mass Index

  Fat, Circumference, Hip, Weight
• what are the two types of Body Fat Distribution?

  • Apple
  • Pear
• Body Fat and Distribution:

  • Distribution/location of fat on the body is linked to health outcomes
  • Men store fat in the upper regions of their body (____ shape)
  • Women store fat in hips, buttocks, & thighs (____ shape)


  Apple, Pear
• What are the 6 types of Assessing Body Fat Percentage?

  1. Underwater Weighing
  2. Bod Pod
  3. Skinfold Measurement
  4. Bioelectrical Impedance
  5. DEXA
• Underwater Weighing:

  • _______ (Underwater Weighing)
  • ____ has a higher density than water
  • ___ has a lower density than water
  • thus, people with more body ___ will weigh less under water & float

  Hydrostatic, Muscle, Fat, Fat
• Bod Pod

  • measures body fat by ___ _____
  • Weight
  • Body ____
  • Weight & body volume can be used to calculate body _____

  air displacement, volume, density
• Waist Circumference Measurement:

  • measure your waist circumference
  • Large waist circumference = greater risk for ____ problems

  health
• Overweight and Obesity Defined:

  • ____= total bodyweight above the recommended range for good health
  • ____= more serious degree of overweight
  • Comes with multiple major health risks
  • %body fat or total body weight

  Overweight, Obesity
• BMI Ranges:

  Underweight = <___

  Normal = ___-___

  Overweight=___-___

  Obesity= ___-___

  Obesity2=___-___

  Obesity3=___

  18.5,18.5,24.9,25,29.9, 30, 34.9, 35, 39.9, 40
• Waist-To-Hip Ratio

  • Divide your waist circumference by your hip circumference
  • Increased risk for disease:
  • WHR above ___ for men
  • WHR above ___ for women

  0.94, 0.82
• What is the Recommended %body fat for females? __-__

  Males? __-__

  21, 32, 8, 19
• DEXA

  • DEXA = Dual-energy Xray ___
  • DEXA uses two X-ray energies to measure body ___, ____, and ____ ____
  • _______ for body composition (very expensive)

  absorptiometry, fat, muscle, bone, mineral, gold, standard
• Body Composition

  • Body fat (nerves, brain, heart, lungs, liver mammary glands)
  • Essential fats
  • Men = _-_% total body weight
  • Women = _-_% total body weight
  • Non-Essential Fat
  • Stored in fat cells under skin (___ fat) and around organs (___ fat)
  • Excess body fat is usually excess ___ consumed

  3, 5, 8, 12, subcutaneous, visceral, calories
• Skinfold Measurement

  • _/_fat deposits are located just under the skin
  • Measuring the _____ of skinfolds at several locations on the body
  • Simple, inexpensive

  1, 2, thickness
• Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA):

  • Sends a small electrical current through the body & measures the body's ___ to it
  • Fat-free tissue (where most water is located) are good conductors whereas ___ is not
  • thus, the ___ the resistances, the greater the fat-free mass

  resistance, fat, lower
• Limitation of BMI

  • BMI does not differentiate between ___ & __-___ weight
  • can be inaccurate for some groups:
  • Muscular individuals/athletes
  • people of short or very tall stature

  fat, fat, free
• ___ ____= Insulin resistance syndrome

  Occurs when a person has _ or more of the following conditions:

  • Excess Body fat around the waistline
  • High blood ___
  • High blood ___
  • High ____
  • Low ___ (good cholesterol)

  Metabolic Syndrome, 3, pressure, sugar, triglycerides, HDL
• What Disease is this?

  • abnormal eating patterns & excessive exercising
  • Absent or infrequent menstruation (amenorrhea)
  • Decreased bone density (premature osteoporosis

  Female Athlete Triad
• These consequences are from which disease?

  • Decreased Physical Performance
  • Increased Incidence of Bone Fractures
  • Disturbance of Heart Rhythm & Metabolism
  • Death

  Female Triad Athlete
• What are the 3 Factors Contributing to Excess Body Fat?

  Genetics, Physiological, Lifestyle
• What are the Types of Diabetes?

  • Type _ Diabetes (__%)
  • Type _ Diabetes (__%)
  • ___ Diabetes
  • ____

  1, 10, 2, 90, Gestational, Prediabetes
• Metabolic Syndrome:

  Increases the risk for ___ disease

  • _ times in Men
  • _ times in Women

  __ of adult Canadians have metabolic syndrome

  heart, 3, 6, 22
• Excess Body Fat & Health

  • As overweight and obesity increase, so to the problems associated with them
  • huge strain on the Canadian Health Care system (_ billion)
  • Chronic Disease Risk:
  • Metabolic Syndrome
  • Diabets

  2
• Genetics:

  • Estimates of the genetic contribution ot obesity vary widely (__ - __%)
  • ___ can influence body size, fat distribution & metabolic rate
  • Children of overweight /obese parents, have an __ risk of being overweight/obese

  25, 40, Genes, Increased
• Type 1 Diabetes:

  • ______-Dependent Diabetes
  • People cant produce ___
  • Generally develops in childhood or adolescence, but can also develop in adulthood

  insulin, insulin
• Type 2 Diabetes:

  • Pancreas doesnt produce ___ or cells are ____ to it
  • Most commonly developed in adulthood (over 40 years old)
  • Even mild to moderate overweight is linked to risk of type
  • obese people are more than _ times as likely as nonobese people to develop type 2 diabetes

  insulin, insulin, 3
• Gestational Diabetes:

  • Temporary form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy
  • 3-__% of pregnancy women develop gestational diabetes
  • preeclampsia & ____
  • ____ risk of developing diabetes later in life for both mom & baby

  20, macrosomia, increases
• Prediabetes:

  • ___ ___ levels are higher than normal, but are not yet high enough to be diagnosed as type 2 diabetes
  • Most people with the condition will develop type _ diabetes unless they adopt preventive lifestyle measures
  • Taking steps to manage your blood sugar can prevent or delay type 2 diabetes

  Blood Sugar, 2
• Physiological Factors:

  • ___ = Energy required to maintain vital body functions while the body is at rest

  Resting Metabolic Rate
• Physiological Factors:

  • Men have a higher ___ than Women (more muscle mass)
  • Some individuals inherit a higher or lower ___ than others
  • Exercise increases ___

  RMR, RMR, RMR
• Lifestyle Factors:

  • ____
  • _____ Activity
  • ______ factors

  Eating, Physical, Psychosocial
• Very Low Levels of Body Fat

  • Not as prevalent as overweight or obesity
  • _____
  • Men = _-_% of total body weight
  • Women = _-_% of body weight
  • Extreme leanness is linked with reproductive, circulatory & ___ system disorders

  Essential Body Fat, 3, 5, 8, 12, Immune
• What are the Steps of Stress? (model of stress)

  • Stressor
  • Cognitive Appraisal
  • Stress Response
  • Consequences
• Stressors are:

  • ___ that trigger physical and emotional reactions
  • Peoples perceptions of potential stressors ___ greatly
  • Stressors are NOT stress


  Situations, vary
• Autonomic Nervous System:

  • _____ = Rest and Digest
  • ____ = Fight or Flight

  Parasympathetic, Sympathetic
• • Anxiety
  • Depression
  • Edginess
  • Fatigue
  • Hypervigilance
  • Impulsiveness
  • Inability to concentrate
  • Irritability
  • Trouble Remembering

  These are all Examples of?

  Emotional Responses
• • Crying
  • Disrupted Eating Habits
  • Disrupted Sleeping Habits
  • Harsh Treatment of Others
  • Problems Communicating
  • Sexual Problems
  • Social Isolation
  • Increased use of Tobacco and Drugs

  These are all examples of?

  Behavioral Responses
• The Return to Homeostasis:

  • Once a stressful situation ends, ____ takes command & halts the reaction
  • Parasympathetic division restore ___

  Parasympathetic, Homeostasis