C.V. + respiratory systems

Created by

Megan Newell

Cards (47)

function of CV system
transport of substances ( in blood stream)
oxygen to workig muscles and waste( CO2 ) away = movement
temperature control (moving blood near to skin cools the body quickly)
enables you to exercise for a long time without over heating
clotting of wound (blood clots to seal wounds)
helps prevent wounds from being infected
CV system made up of…
heart
blood
blood vessels
double circulatory system
heart-lung-heart = pulmonary circulation
heart-body-heart = systemic circulation
pathway of blood (RIGHT SIDE )
deoxygenated blood enter R. atrium through vena cava
r. atrium contracts, pushing blood through tricuspid valve into r. ventricle
r. ventricle contracts, pushing blood through S.L. valve into pulmonary artery to transport it to lungs to become oxygenated again
pathway of blood (LEFT)
oxygenated blood from lungs in l. atrium from pulmonary vein
l. atrium contracts- pushing blood through bicuspid valve into l. ventricle
l.ventricle then contracts pushing blood through S.L. valve into aorta and rest of body
blood vessels
arteries
thick muscular walls, small lumen, e.g. Aorta
carry blood at high pressure , away from heart
mainly carry oygenated blood, exception = pulmonary artery
veins
thinner elastic walls, bigger lumen, have valves to prevent back-flow, e.g. Vena Cava
carry blood towards heart
mainly carry deoxygenated blood, exception = pulmonary vein
capillaries
one cell thick, small lumen
carry blood at low pressure
link smaller ateries with smaller veins
allow gaseous exchange (thin walls allow nutrients to pass through)
arterioles
take oxygenated blood from arteries and deliver them to capillaries
venules
take deoxygenated blood from capillaries and deliver it to veins
vasoconstriction
blood vessels made smaller (constricted)
blood vessels in INACTIVE organs (digestive system narrow (constrict) reducing the amount of blood flow that can go in
when you become too cold, your arteries get smaller so that the blood is kept in the core of your body
vasodilation
blood vessels in the working muscles widen to let more blood in
allowing more muscles to receive more oxygen and nutrients
whe you are too hot, your arteries get bigger so that you can carry blood towards the surface of the skin which makes you look red and cools you down
vascular shunting
when you exercise, blood is redistributed aroung the body to increase supply of oxygen to muscles (vascular shunting)
when you exercise, arteries widen to stop BP getting to high
to make most of your blood supply, blood that would usually go to orags (like gut +liver) is shunted to the muscles
cardiac hypertrophy
heart muscle increases in size
ventricle wall gets larger and thickens as a result of exercise. increasing stoke vol. and cardiac output
heart rate
number of beats per minute
stroke volume
amount of blood leaving heart each beat
cardiac output
amount of blood leaving heart per minute (CO = SV x HR)
blood pressure
the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels
systolic
pressure when blood is being pumped out of heart
diastolic
measure of blood pressure when heart is relaxed
heart rates
resting heart rate = your HR at rest
working heart rate = your HR during/immediately after exercising
recovery rate = how long it takes for a person‘s HR to return to normal after training
maximum heart rate = 220-your age
training target zones
for fitness to improve, you need to train within the correct target zones
the area of the target zone you work in will depend on the intensity of the activity of the aim of traing programme
higher intensity training (anaerobic zone) = 80-100% of your MHR (upper threshold)
lower intensity training (aerobic zone) = 60-80% of your MHR (lower threshold)
the components of blood
plasma (liquid part) (55%)
carries everything in blood stream; blood cells, digested food (e.g. glucose), waste, regulates temp., maintain blood volume/ BP
platelets (45%)
help clot/stem blood flow at wounds
stops bleeding + infection
RBCs (45%)
carry oxygen around body
made in bone marrow
used to release energy needed by muscles
more training = MORE RBCs
WBCs (45%)
produce antibodies
fight against disease/infection
made in bone marrow
stay healthy+perform well
mechanics of breathing
inhalation
diaphragm contracts
chest expands - ribs move up and out(due to contraction of intercostal muscle between ribs)
lungs inflate
air flow in
exhalation
diaphragm relaxes
chest contracts - ribs move down + in (due to relaxation of intercostal muscles)
lungs deflate
air flows out
gaseous exchange is the exchange of gases between the blood and the lungs
the blood in the capillaries surrounding alveoli has a lower oxygen than the air in the alveoli (just been inhaled)
the blood surrrounding the capillaries has a higher CO2 concentration than inspired air (so CO2 diffuses the other way - into alveoli where it can then be exhaled
both alveoli and capillaries have walls which are only 1 cell thick + and allow gases to diffuse across them easily
tidal volume
movement of air in and out of lungs in one normal breath
total lung volume/capacity
total vol. of air in lungs after biggest breath in
vital capacity
max. amount of air that can be expired after a max. inhalation
CV system + respiratory system linked…
respiratory system is essential to exchange the oxygen required to the CV system so it can pass it to the working muscles through the blood and remove any waste products from body by breathing them out
functions of respiratory systems
transports air into lungs + aids the diffusion oxygen into the bloodstream
receives waste, e.g. CO2, from the blood and exhales it
the trachea moistens and warms air + removes any foreign particles
inspired air
78% nitrogen
20% oxygen
0.03% carbon dioxide
expired air
78% nitrogen
16% oxygen
4% carbon dioxide
Karvonen formula
calculate MHR (220 - your age)
calculate upper threshold (80%= 80 x (220 -age) / 100)
calculate lower threshold (60% = 60 x (220-age) / 100)
respiration
the body’s process of creating energy (for sport)
aerobic respiration
most efficient way of producing energy
long in duration
low-medium intensity
muscles supplied with oxygen
WORD EQUATION:
glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water +energy
anaerobic respiration
can only provide muscles with energy for short periods of time
short in duration
maximum effort
high intensity
muscles NOT supplied with oxygen
WORD EQUATION:
glucose = lactic acid + energy
lactic acid
produced as a by-product when carbohydrates are broken down without oxygen during anaerobic respiration
without oxygen lactic acid will be built up in the blood and muscle tissue causing muscles to become fatigues and work less efficiently
aerobic exercise
uses oxygen for energy production (aerobic respiration)
characteristics of activities using aerobic respiration:
long in duration
moderate pace
e.g. marathon running
anaerobic exercise
DOES NOT use oxygen for energy production (anaerobic respiration)
characteristics
very short in duration
high intensity
e.g. 100m sprints
fats
energy source for aerobic respiration
require oxygen to break down glucose
slow to break down
once broken down give large quantities of energy for exercise
carbohydrates
energy source for anaerobic + aerobic activity
do NOT require oxygen to break down glucose
do not give as much energy as fats
quicker to break down and release more energy than fats
short term effects of exercise on muscular system
lactate accumulation (not enough oxygen entering muscles)
muscle fatigue (when exercise is intense + anaerobic resp. happens)
temp. increases
IMPACT IN SPORT
lead to cramp in later stages of game
more oxygen in needed to break lactic acid down
oxygen debt occurs - rapid heavy breathing after to pay back
more oxygen required than usual at rest