GEN BIO

• Microscope


  • Used for observing small objects
  • Produce a magnified image of a structure that can't be seen with the naked eye
• Micro


  Small
• Scope


  To see
• Merchants in Europe first used magnifying lenses


  1500's
• Hans and Zaccharias Janssen invented the first compound microscope


  1590's
• Robert Hooke observed the thin slices of plant tissue (cork) using a microscope and discovered cells


  1665
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek made and used the first real microscope


  17th Century
• Von Leeuwenhoek Microscope


  • Made using a single lens only
  • Magnified 270x larger
• Von Leeuwenhoek's observations


  • Yeast, cells, bacteria, blood cells "little animals"

  
• Parts of the microscope

  • Eyepiece or ocular lens
  • Draw tube
  • Body tube
  • Revolving nosepiece
  • Scanning objectives
  • Low power objective (LPO)
  • High power objective (HPO)
  • Coarse adjustment knob
  • Fine adjustment knob
  • Stage
  • Stage clip
  • Arm
  • Base
  • Mirror

  
• How to take care of a microscope

  1. Support it under the base while carrying

  2. Place 10 cm from the table's edge

  3. Clean the lenses with tissue paper or clean cloth before and after use
• Botanist


  Biologist specializing in the study of plants
• Zoologist


  Scientist studies the origins genetics of animals
• Pathologist


  Scientist who studies cause and the effects of diseases
• All living organism composed of one or more cells
• The cell is the basic unit of life in all living things
• All cells came from pre-existing cells
• Cell


  • The smallest unit of living things
  • Organism - Made of one cell or many cells
  • Cells are the basic building blocks of all organism
• Cells


  • Tissue
  • Organ (Stomach, Heart, or Brain)
  • Organ System (Digestive System)
  • Several system that functions together to form an organism
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek developed the 1st simple microscope and observed single-celled organisms


  1600's
• Robert Hooke wrote and published Micrographia, and called the tiny structures he observed "cells"


  1665
• Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants are made of cells


  1838
• Theodor Schwann concluded that all animals are made of cells


  1839
• Rudolf Virchow concluded that all cells came from pre-existing cells


  1858
• Cell membrane


  • Also called Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasma Membrane, and Plasmalemma
  • Maintain Shape of cell
  • Found in all cells
  • Separates the interior cells from the outside environment
  • Consist of lipid bilayer that is semi-permeable
  • Very thin and pliable
  • Only 10 Nanometers
  • Intracellular & Extracellular
• Lipids in cell membrane

  • Phospholipids (Phosphate Head (Hydrophylic) and Lipid Tail (Hydrophobic))
  • Cholesterol (Dissolve in the lipid bilayer, controls the fluidity of the membrane)
• Permeability


  • Semi-Permeable
  • Lipids and lipid-soluble substances can pass through
  • Water, water-soluble, large molecules are not allowed
• Proteins in cell membrane

  • Integral Membrane Protein (All Attached)
  • Peripheral Membrane Protein (Not fully attached)
  • Transport proteins
  • Receptor
  • Intracellular signaling
  • Enzymes
  • Adhesion molecules
  • Submembrane cytoskeleton
  • Antigen
• Carbohydrates in cell membrane

  • Combination with protein and lipids (Glycoproteins and Glycolipids)
  • Usually on the outer side of cell
  • Attached loosely to the outer surface of the cell
  • GLYCOCALYX - coating of the cell
  • Makes outer surface electronegative repells negatively charge mosaic model
• Cell structure and function are very important in biology for understanding how living things live
• Cell biologist


  Working in animal, plants, medical sciences will be able to develop new vaccines, more effective medicines
• Cytotechnologist or cytologist


  Study cytology or cell biology
• Cell biology branches


  • Structure
  • Function
  • Multiplication
  • Pathology
  • Life history of cells
• Prokaryotic cells


  Single cell, simple like bacteria
• Eukaryotic cells


  Multiple cells, complex cells like plants and animals
• Studying cells techniques


  • Cell Structure
  • Types of Microscopy
  • Cell Fractionation
• Learning mechanism of cells and how the cell works is essential research in the fields of biomedical such as cancer, abnormalities, and to diagnose infectious
• Membranous sac


  Extremely more complex, containing fluid, floating particles
• Cell membrane


  • Every cell enclosed by cell membrane
  • Generates Extracellular (materials outside the cells) from Intracellular (materials inside the cells)
  • Maintaining integrity of a cell
  • Controls passage
  • All materials must have access to the cell membrane for the needed exchange
  • Double layer of phospholipids molecules
• Nucleus


  • Formed by a nuclear membrane around fluid NUCLEOPLASM
  • Control center of the cell
  • Determines how cell will function
  • Threads of chromatin in the nucleus contains DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and the genetic material of the cell
  • The NUCLEOLUS is a dense region of RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) in the nucleus and is the site of Ribosomes formation