skeletal system

• how many bones are there in human body?

  206
• • TWO DIVISIPN OF SKELETAL SYSTEM

  1. AXIAL SKELETON 2. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
• What does axial skeleton contains?

  1. bones of the skull 2. vertebral column 3. rib cage
• WHAT DOES APPENDICULAR SKELETON CONTAINS

  1. BONES OF THE UPPER AND LOWER LIMBS, SHOULDER AND HIP
• Functions of Bones

   Support of the body  Protection of soft organs  Movement due to attached skeletal muscles  Storage of minerals and fats  Blood cell formation
• Two basic types of bone tissue

  1. Compact bone *Homogeneous 2. Spongy bone * Small needle-like pieces of bone * Many open spaces
• WHAT ARE THE Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape

  1. LONG BONE 2. THIN BONE. 3. FLAT BONE 4. IRREGULAR BONE
• WHATS IS THE CLASSIFICATION OF LONG BONE?

  * Typically longer than wide * Have a shaft with heads at both ends * Contain mostly compact bone • Examples: Femur, humerus
• CLASSIFICATION OF THIN BONE

  Generally cube-shape  Contain mostly spongy bone Examples: Carpals, tarsals
• 3. FLAT BONES

  Thin and flattened  Usually curved Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
• IRREGULAR BONES


   Irregular shape  Do not fit into other bone classification categories Example: Vertebrae and hip
• 2 GROSS ANATOMY OF THE LONG BONE

  1. DIAPHYSIS 2. EPIPHYSIS
• diaphysis characteristic

  * Shaft (middle) * Composed of compact bone
• epiphysis characteristic

  Ends of the bone  Composed mostly of spongy bone
• WHAT ARE THE 5 STRUCTURES OF LONG BONE

  1. PERIOSTEUM 2. SHARPEY"S FIBER 3. ARTERIES 4. ARTICULAR CARTILAGE 5. MEDULLARY CAVITY
• PERIOSTEUM

  Outside covering of the diaphysis
• SHARPEY"S FIBER

  Secure periosteum to underlying bone
• ARTERIES

  Supply bone cells with nutrient
• ARTICULAR CARTILAGE

  * Covers the external surface of the epiphyses  Made of hyaline cartilage
• MEDULLARY CAVITY

  Cavity of the shaft  Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults  Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants
• WHAT ARE THE Categories of bone markings?

   Projections and processes – grow out from the bone surface  Depressions or cavities – indentations
• WHAT ARE THE CHANGES IN HUMAN SKELETON?

   In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage  During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone
• WHAT ARE THE CARTILAGE THAT REMAINS IN ISOLATED AREAS?

   Bridge of the nose  Parts of ribs  Joints
• DESCRIBE THE BONE GROWTH

   Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood  New cartilage is continuously formed Older cartilage becomes ossified Cartilage is broken down Bone replaces cartilage
• WHAT IS HYALINE CARTILAGE?

   slippery and smooth which helps your bones move smoothly past each other in your joints. 
• WHAT IS THE ONE WHO allow for growth of long bone during childhood

  EPIPHYSEALPLATES
• Bones are remodeled and lengthened until WHAT?

  UNTIL growth stops
• WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF BONE CELLS?

  1. OSTEOCYTES 2. OSTEOBLASTS 3. OSTEOCLASTS
• OSTEOCYTES?

  MATURE BONE CELL
• OSTEOBLAST?

  BONE FORMING CELL
• OSTEOCLASTS?

  Bone-destroying cells  Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium
• WHAT IS BONE FRACTURE?

  A BROKEN BONE
• TYPES OF BONE FRACTURE

   Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin  Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin
• BONE FRACTURE ARE TREATED BY WHAT?

  REDUCTION AND IMMOBALIZATION
• WHAT ARE THE COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURE

  COMMINUTED, COMPRESSION, DEPRESSED, IMPACTED, SPIRAL, AND GREENSTICK
• COMMINUTED FRACTURE DESCRIPTION

  BONES BREAK INTO MANY FRAGMNETS
• COMPRESSION FRACTURE DESCRIPTION

  BONE IS CRUSED AND COMMON IN POROUS BONES
• DEPRESSED FRACTURE DES.


  BROKEN BONES IS PRESSED INWARD
• WHERE IS DEPRESSED FRACTURE MOST COMMON?

  TYPICALLY SKULL FRACTURE
• IMPACTED FRACTURE

  BROKEN BONES ENDS ARE FORCED INTO Each other