Chapter 1-4 Quiz

• Imprinting


  When a young animal attaches itself to the first moving object it sees
• Sensitive period


  Time during development when a person is open to certain kinds of experiences
• Universality theory


  A concept that can be applied to everyone, regardless of their background or circumstances
• Critical period


  Specific time when a given event or its absence has a specific impact on development
• Active theory


  Individuals have the power to control their own destiny
• Serial killer "recipe"


  Abuse, brain damage, & mental illness
• Passive theory


  A person cannot control their own destiny
• Discontinuity theory


  Each stage of development has a distinct and separate end point
• Continuity theory


  Continuous learning
• Context-specific theory


  Can only be applied to certain people
• Non-normative influences


  Typical events at atypical times or unusual events that do not happen to most people
• Normative influences


  Normal, usual events that happen to most people
• Cross-sectional research


  Assesses age-related differences on one occasion
• Sequential research


  Combines longitudinal and cross-sectional research methods
• Longitudinal research


  A group of people are assessed for a long period of time
• Reality principle


  The ego, which considers the external world and adapts the individual's behavior to meet the demands of reality
• Longitudinal research is a type of research where a group of people is assessed over an extended period of time. This allows researchers to observe and analyze changes and developments that occur within the group over time. It is useful in studying the long-term effects of certain factors or interventions, as well as understanding patterns and trends that may emerge over time. This type of research provides valuable insights into the stability and changes in behavior, attitudes, and characteristics of individuals or groups.
• Reality principle ("reality influences")


  The ego
• Pleasure principle ("do what you want")


  The id
• Nurture aspect that contributes to a serial killer

  • Child abuse
  • Brain injury
  • Poverty
  • Violent pornography
  • Cruelty to animals
  • Bullying
  • Fire-setting
• Nature aspect that contributes to a serial killer


  • Parents with severe mental illness
  • Womb experiences
  • Hyper-sexuality
  • Brain dysfunctions
• Ego ideal conscious ("morality, ethics")

  The super ego
• Plasticity


  The ability of the body to repair itself
• Types of development research

  • Longitudinal
  • Cross-sectional
  • Sequential
• Aspects of human nature

  • Good
  • Bad
  • Blank slate
• Freud's Psychosexual Stages


  5 stages
• Freud's Model of Personality Structure

  Id, ego, & super ego
• Factors related to Freud's Phallic Stage

  • Oedipal & electra complex
  • Ages 3-6
  • Gender identity development
  • Genitals are energy center
• Factors related to Freud's Oral Stage

  • Mouth is center of sexual energy
  • Result is dependent or angry
  • Id is present, the ego develops at end of period
  • Ages 0-2
• Factors related to Freud's Latency Stage

  • Ages 6-12
  • Sexual energy goes underground
• Factors related to Freud's Genital Stage

  • Sexual thoughts resurface; hormones and body ready to express sexual impulses
  • Separate from parents
  • Reduce oedipal/electra desires
  • Ages 13+
• Factors related to Freud's Anal Stage


  • Toilet training is primary
  • Ends up pleasing or rebelling
  • Child learns will and can say no, anger, and please parents
  • Ages 2-3
• Psychosis


  When an individual cannot distinguish from the real world and their delusions
• Stages of Development


  1. Germinal

  2. Embryonic

  3. Fetal
• Fertilization


  The process by which a sperm and an ovum join to form a new cell
• Germinal stage


  From fertilization to 2 weeks
• Fertilization


  The process in which a sperm and an ovum combine to form a new cell. This is the initial step in sexual reproduction, where the genetic material from both parents is combined to create a unique individual.
• Permutation


  Rearranging elements
• Generalization


  The act of making broad statements or conclusions
• Germination


  The process in which a seed begins to grow into a new plant