GENETICS

• Mendel's classic ratio have 3 genotypes and 2 phenotypes
• In blending traits, neither trait is dominant nor allele is completely dominant over the allele
• In Co-Dominance, two equally dominant alleles are expressed at the same time and the heterozygous phenotype will have the both phenotypes visible
• Incomplete dominance is when the phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes of the homozygous parents
• Multiple alleles have more than 2 types of allele that exist for a trait
• Polygenic Inheritance - the inheritance of multiple genes simultaneously.
• Sex linked traits are found on the sex chromosome and most of these traits are recessive
• The X linked trait can't be passed from father to son
• Y linked trait will never affect females
• Sex linked disorders are commonly found on the X chromosome and males are at a greater risk because they only have one X chromosome
• Central Dogma of Biology states that genetic information flows only in one direction
• The DNA gene theory believes that the DNA is the molecule of inheritance
• The Cell Doctrine states that the DNA consists of double strand of nucleotides and sugar-phosphate chains are on the outside
• the Nucleic Acid is a large biomomol in the cell that functions to store and transmit hereditary information
• each nucleotide are made up of phosphate, sugar and nitrogenous base
• in order to form a Double Helix, there should be 10 nucleotides present in each turn and the distance between the pair is 3.4nm
• The Double Helix's length is 340nm and he number of nulceotides in the DNA is 2000
• In DNA replication, the DNA strands unwind before cell division
• The Genetic Code states that each animo acid, which are Serine, Cysteine, Valine and Glycine are coded for by a particular triplet of bases
• The Genetic Code states that each animo acid, which are Serine, Cysteine, Valine and Glycine are coded for by a particular triplet of bases
• DNA and Enzymes build up the cell structures
• Inherited traits are characteristics that are genetically transferred from parent to offspring
• Most traits carried are present only on the X chromosome
• Sex Linked traits are characteristics carried in either X or Y chromosome
• Examples of Sex-Linked characteristics are Color Blindness, Hemophilia, Hairy ears which is common in males and Muscular Dystrophy
• Sex Limited traits visible in one sex. But can cause two sexes to show different phenotypes despite having same genotypes
• Sex Influenced traits are autosomal and are influenced by sex.
• Sexual Reproduction is the only mechanism for most of diploid eukaryotes
• Monoecious is where both male and female reproductive structures are in the same organism
• Dioecious is where either male or female reproductive structures in one organism
• Males produce two types of gametes
• Females produce one type of gamete
• Turner Syndrome affects females and a disease where the X chromosome is missing or partially missing
• The Sex of a baby is determined by the male gamete that fuses with the female gamete
• Klinefelter syndrome affects males, where they have an extra X chromosome
• Triple X chromosome or Trisomy or known as Down Syndrome, affects 1 in 1000 females