organic chemistry

• Organic compounds


  Substances that have certain functional groups
• Functional group


  Groups of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound
• Functional groups


  • Alkanes
  • Alkenes
  • Alcohols
  • Carboxylic acids
  • Esters
• Naming organic compounds


  1. Find the suffix based on the functional group

  2. Find the prefix based on the number of carbon atoms

  3. Define the position of the functional group
• Structural isomers


  Molecules that have the same molecular formula but are structurally different
• Main fuels


  • Coal
  • Natural gas
  • Petroleum
• Fractional distillation


  Can separate petroleum into more useful mixtures of hydrocarbons (fractions)
• Fractions from petroleum


  • Residue
  • Fuel oil
  • Heating oil
  • Diesel
  • Paraffin
  • Petrol
• Homologous series


  Series of compounds with the same functional group but different carbon numbers
• Characteristics of homologous series

  • All members can be represented by the same general formula
  • Consecutive members differ by one carbon and two hydrogens
  • Members share similar chemical properties
• Alkanes


  Hydrocarbons with only carbon-carbon single bonds
• Saturated hydrocarbons


  Alkanes, as they have no room for additional atoms to bond
• Each carbon in an organic molecule must have 4 bonds
• If you draw a molecule and it looks like the carbon only has three bonds, you know something is wrong because carbon must have four bonds
• A carboxylic acid has the functional group of carbon-oxygen double bond and an alcohol has the functional group of carbon-oxygen single bond
• Alkanes only have single bonds, they are described as saturated hydrocarbons, and they are generally unreactive
• Reactions of alkanes


  • Combustion
  • Chlorination
• Combustion of alkanes


  1. Reaction between organic molecule and oxygen

  2. Complete combustion gives carbon dioxide and water

  3. Incomplete combustion gives carbon monoxide and water
• Chlorination of alkanes


  1. Reaction with chlorine in bright light or UV light

  2. Substitution of hydrogen with chlorine atom

  3. Can continue to substitute more hydrogens
• Alkanes


  Hydrocarbons with only single bonds
• Alkenes


  Hydrocarbons with carbon-carbon double bonds
• Alkenes can undergo addition reactions
• Addition reactions of alkenes

  • Addition of bromine
  • Addition of hydrogen
  • Addition of water (hydration)
• Addition of bromine to alkenes

  1. Bromine molecule breaks the carbon-carbon double bond

  2. Bromine atoms attach to each carbon
• Addition of hydrogen to alkenes

  1. Hydrogen adds to each carbon, breaking the double bond

  2. Requires 150°C temperature and nickel catalyst
• Hydration of alkenes


  1. Water breaks the carbon-carbon double bond

  2. OH group attaches to one carbon, H attaches to the other

  3. Requires 300°C temperature, 60 atm pressure, and phosphoric acid catalyst
• Addition polymerization


  Formation of long chain polymers from smaller monomer units by breaking and reforming double bonds
• Alcohols


  Hydrocarbons with an OH functional group
• Alcohol homologous series


  • Methanol
  • Ethanol
  • Propanol
  • Butanol
• Manufacture of ethanol


  1. Catalytic hydration of ethene

  2. Fermentation
• Advantages of manufacturing ethanol by hydration are no waste products and internal process
• Homologous series of alcohols

  • Methanol (1 carbon)
  • Ethanol (2 carbons)
  • Propanol (3 carbons)
  • Butanol (4 carbons)
• Alcohols in homologous series

  • Same functional group (OH) attached to one of the carbons
  • Chain length increases by one carbon each time
• Ethanol manufacture - Catalytic hydration of ethane

  1. Carbon-carbon double bond in ethane

  2. Add water under 300°C, 60 atm, phosphoric acid catalyst

  3. Forms OH functional group attached to carbon
• Advantages of catalytic hydration of ethane

  • No waste products
  • Continuous internal production
• Disadvantages of catalytic hydration of ethane

  • Uses non-renewable crude oil
  • Requires high temperatures and pressures
• Ethanol manufacture - Fermentation

  1. Glucose breakdown by yeast/microorganisms

  2. Produces ethanol and carbon dioxide
• Advantages of fermentation


  • Renewable
  • Requires less energy (lower temperatures and pressures)
• Disadvantages of fermentation


  • Slower production
  • Batch process (new yeast needed)
• Ethanol properties


  • Burns with blue flame
  • Combustion produces carbon dioxide and water