RnW

• Reading


  The process of looking at a series of written symbols and getting meaning from them

  
• Reading


  • A receptive skill and productive skill
• Writing


  The process of using symbols (letters of the alphabet, punctation, and spaces) to communicate thoughts and ideas in a readable form

  
• To write clearly it is essential to understand the basic system of a language
• Reading and Writing


  • Have a purpose that goes beyond gaining and retaining information
  • Focus on making meaning, which involves identifying what an author means, determining what you think about the author's meaning, and articulating your thoughts in writing

  
• Text


  • Written material, especially longer pieces of writing as in a book, a letter or a newspaper
  • A group of ideas put together to make a point or one central idea
  • Made up of sentences
• Qualities of a text

  • Cohesion (the parts are connected)
  • Coherence (the overall text has meaning)
  • Intentionality (the writer's attitude and purpose can be discerned)
  • Acceptability (the text is recognized)
  • Intertextuality (the text can be linked to the preceding discourse)
  • Informativity (there is a quantity of new or expected information)
  • Situationality (the text's topic is situationally and culturally appropriate)
• Discourse


  • Conversation, argument, or speech
  • A formal and often lengthy discussion of a topic where concepts and insights are arranged in an organised and logical matter
  • How language is used to convey meanings, propel actions, and provoke a specific response
• Examples of discourse


  • Journal/diary
  • News articles
  • Anecdotes
  • Critiques
  • Procedures
  • Research articles
• Purposes of discourse


  • To inform (gives facts, instructions, or directions to the readers)
  • To persuade (shows an appeal to the readers' emotion or to prevail someone to do something)
  • To entertain (to provide someone amusement or enjoyment)
• Types of discourse


  • Academic discourse (formal and scholarly)
  • Literary discourse (utilises creative language)
• Factors that influence discourse


  • Culture (style of argumentation, level of formality, use of passive and active voice)
  • Social environment (all factors in a society that exert influence on an individual or event)
  • Personal experiences (unfolds the values, cultural themes and beliefs of the people that define how and why they live in the way they do)
• Discourse markers


  Help connect ideas to form a logical text
• Text is made up of sentences having the property of grammatical cohesion
• Discourse is made up of utterances having the property of coherence + use of words to exchange thoughts and ideas in an orderly and organized manner
• Cohesion


  The parts of a text are connected
• Coherence


  The overall text has meaning
• Connected discourse as a written text


  Text with distinct features and purpose in which ideas are coherently arranged
• Techniques in selecting and organising information

  • Brainstorming (setting a primary topic then asking everyone for ideas)
  • Graphic organizers (visual representations of concepts that help readers process information into organizational patterns)
  • Outline (a summary of a writing project or speech)
• Methods in brainstorming


  • Idea list (written main topic with a list of related ideas)
  • Idea map (visual representation of ideas and their connections with one another)
  • Concept map
  • Narration
  • Venn diagram
  • Network tree
  • Timeline
  • Plot diagram
  • Ishikawa diagram
  • Cause and effect
  • Flow chart
  • Hamburger chart
  • Persuasion map
  • Problem-solution map
  • Cycle
  • Series of events chain
  • KWL chart
  • T chart
• Outlining


  • A form of graphic organizer in words and patterns
  • Principles: coordination (coherent and consistent value), subordination (clear articulation of relationship between parts), division (at least two parts), parallel construction (coordinate heads expressed in parallel form)
• Kinds of outline according to structure


  • Topic outline
  • Sentence outline
• Format of outlining


  • Number-letter form
  • Decimal format
• Thesis statement


  • Controls central idea of a multiple paragraph composition
  • A sentence that guides, controls, and unifies ideas when writing
• Characteristics of a good thesis statement

  • Must be original and on the introduction
  • Makes a sound argument that can be defended
  • Focused and precise
• Revising


  A process of writing that asks to evaluate your written draft in terms of your reading audience and your writing purpose

  
• Patterns of development


  • Narration
  • Description
  • Definition
  • Classification and division
  • Exemplification
  • Cause and effect
  • Comparison and contrast
  • Problem and solution
  • Process analysis
  • Persuasion
• Paragraph


  • A series of sentences that are organized, coherent, and are all related to one single topic
  • Parts: introduction (topic sentence and other transitional info), body (discusses controlling idea), conclusion (summarizes connections)
• Properties of a well-written text

  • Organization (logical and accurate arrangement of ideas, evidence, details)
  • Coherence and cohesion (overall sense of unity, connection of ideas at sentence and paragraph level)
  • Language use (specific, concise, familiar, correct, and appropriate)
  • Mechanics (technicalities of structure)
• Transitions


  Uses conjunctions or conjunctive adverbs to link sentences with particular logical relationships
• Unity


  Oneness of ideas all pertaining to the topic sentence
• Critical reading


  • Analyzing, interpreting, and evaluating to know if it presents logical ideas and connection of ideas
• Critical thinking


  • Reflective thinking directed toward the analysis and evaluation of existing communication, information, and arguments
  • Interpretation (comprehend and express meaning or significance)
  • Analysis (identify intended and actual inferential relationships)
  • Inference (identify and secure elements needed to draw reasonable conclusions)
  • Evaluation (assess credibility of statements or representations)
  • Explanation (state and justify reasoning)
• Self-regulation


  Self-directed process
• TRANSITIONS


  Uses conjunction or conjunctive adverb to link sentences with particular logical relationships
• CRITICAL READING


  A process of analyzing, interpreting, and sometimes, evaluating to know if it presents logical ideas and connection of ideas
• CRITICAL THINKING


  A form of reflective thinking directed toward the analysis and evaluation of existing communication, information, and arguments
• INTERPRETATION


  To comprehend and express the meaning or significance of a wide variety of experiences
• ANALYSIS


  Identifies intended and actual inferential relationships among statements, questions, concepts, etc.
• INFERENCE


  To identify and secure elements needed to draw reasonable conclusions