social studies

• In 1991, the congressional commission on education (EDCOM) was tasked to review the educational system in the Philippines
• The commission reported several findings such as high dropout rates in rural areas, lack of special education (SPED) schools, a declining the quality of education, and an inadequate investment in education by the national government.
• because of the findings they recommended the educational system would be divided into 3 parts: Basic education, Higher Education, Technical or Vocational Education
• The government eventually called the 3 basic education the "Trifocal" system.
• The Basic education was regulated by the Department of Education (DepEd)
• the Higher Education was regulated by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED)
• Technical and vocational education is regulated by the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA)
• The basic education covers the Kindergarten to grade 12 (K-12) system
• The Department of Education (DepED) is the main agency in charge of basic education, and it determines the overall standards and coverage of K-12
• In October 1947, President Manuel Roxas issues Executive Order No. 94 which established the department of Education, a name that was used until 1975
• the department was renamed the Department of Education and Culture based on Proclamation No. 1081 issued by the President Ferdinand Marcos
• Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 1397, which converted all executive departments into Ministries, thus, the department became the ministry of education and culture.
• In 1984 it was renamed the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports (or MECS)
• From 1987 to 2001, it was named the department of Education, Culture and Sports before it was named the Department of Education
• In 2001, Congress passed the Governance of Basic Education Act (RA 9155), which renamed the DECS into the present DepED.
• RA 9155 provides for the overall framework for (i) school head empowerment by strengthening their leadership roles and (ii) school-based management within the context of transparency and local accountability
• The second area in the trifocal system is the Higher Education that covers Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) or colleges and universities which may be private or public, secular or religious.
• As of 2019, there are 1,963 HEIs in the country
• The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) a commission under the office of the President is the primary regulatory body for higher education
• The commission was created in 1994 through RA 7722 or the Higher Education Act of 1994
• The creation of the Commission was due to the trifocalization of the education sector in the country as suggested by the Congressional Commission on Education (EDCOM).
• CHED formulates and recommends development plans, plans policies, priotiries, and programs on Higher Education.
• The CHED also provides guidelines for the design of certain degree programs.
• Vocational education refers to training specific to a particular trade or craft such as massage therapy, computer systems servicing, and housekeeping to cite a few
• TESDA is in charge of vocational education in the Philippines. It was established in 1994 to aid in a national development plan that responds to the specific needs of industries
• The main problem of the Philippine educational system revolve around access
• Filipinos were most deprived in education
• According to DepED, there were around 3.6 million out-of-school youths in 2017.
• HEIs

  Higher Education Institution
• COMELEC

  The Commission on Elections
• TESDA

  Technical Education and Skills Development Authority
• ABM

  Accountancy, Business and Management
• DECS

  Department of Education, Culture and Sports.
• DepED

  Department of Education
• PSA

  Philippine Statistics Authority
• GAS

  General Academic Strand
• TVL

  Technical Vocational Livelihood
• DSWD

  Department of Social Welfare and Development
• STEM

  Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics
• CHED

  Commission on Higher Education