Paper 2

• What did the number of global international migrants reach in 2019?

  272 million- 3.5% of the worlds population
• What region has the highest number of migrants and how many?

  Europe has 82 million migrants
• What is the largest origin country in the world?

  India- 17.5 million of their pop live abroad
• Who are the top three remittance senders in the world?

  USA ( USD 68 billion), UAE (USD 44.4 billion) and Saudi Arabia (USD 36.1 billion).
• How many idp due to violence and conflict are there in the world?

  41.3 million
• In 2015, migrants contributed 9.4% of global gross domestic product.
• What are the characteristics of the Core areas?

  Wealthy, industrialised, MDC’s e.g US, Japan and Western Europe
• What are the characteristics of the semi-periphery?

  Developing, newly industrialising e.g China,India, Mexico , Brazil and Russia
• Characteristics of the periphery?

  Poor, unindustrialised, LIDCS, most exploited
• What is the backwash effect?

  When population move out of cities due to overcrowding
• What is Myrdal’s model?

  Cumulative causation model or the multiplier effect
• What is cumulative causation?

  When the core starts developing it increases jobs and population, which increases the demand for goods and services, so the expansion of existing industries and formation of new ones occur, which develops infastrucure and services ,so core further develops.
• What is Friedman’s model?

  The core- periphery model which includes four stages of an area becoming more integrated with significant movement between the core and periphery.
• What is international migration?


  From one country to another
• What is inter-regional migration?


  Migration between regions e.g from North Africa, Melilla to Europe
• What is intra-regional migration?

  Within a region e.g within Europe from Poland to the UK
• What is the 1985 Schengen Agreement?

  Agreement which led to the Schengen area in which internal border checks have largely been abolished
• How many European countries are currently signed to Schengen agreement?

  26 with a total population of 400 million people
• What is the 1997 Dublin Regulation?

  Asylum system in the EU.
• What is the population of Melilla?

  80,000
• Why do people try and get into Melilla?

  Because if they succeed they are given protection under EU legislation
• Why are the Moroccan police so strict?

  Because they want to keep ‘Advanced Status Partnership’ with the EU for relaxed trade lawas
• What is the fence?

  The large border between Melilla and Morocco which is made of three different fences topped with barbed wire and there are 106 fixed surveillance cameras
• In 2015, attempts to jump the fence dropped by 67% despite the migrations crisis.
• The European court has condemned sprain for its repressive measures in Melilla.
• Where are most of the migrants trying to jump the Melilla fence coming from?

  Sub-Saharan countries like: Mali, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Guinea and Burkino Faso
• In June 2022 about 2000 men tried to enter the Spanish enclave of Melilla and 27 people lost their lives.
• There are still cases where people get into Melilla but are denied asylum and are deported back- in the June 2022 crossing of the boarder 30-40 people were seen to be deported back even though they were on EU soil.
• When did Poland join the EU?

  2004
• Why was Poland joining the EU significant?

  Under Schengen agreement the people were free to migrate
• As of 2019 how many Poles are living in the UK?

  1 million
• Why are there high birth rates from Polish migrants?

  Many migrants are age 20/30 are many are Roman Catholics believing that life is God given.
• What is the main reason for the Polish migrating to the UK?

  Economic reasons
• Where in the UK is a significant Polish diaspora?

  Southampton- 25,000 Polish
• Who are the top three recipients of remittances?

  India ($63 billion), China ($61 billion) and Mexico ($24 billion).
• What is one statistical measure of international migration?

  Migrant remittances
• Remittances often represent a high proportion of EDCS and LIDCS GDP and therefore are of great significance to a countries development and economy
• Why do countries like Sudan not receive high amounts of remittances (1.4% of GDP)?

  Because of barriers to migration that people face such as restrictive migration policies, fortified borders and cost of travel ( payment to traffickers).
• What percentage of Haiti’s GDP is made up of remittances?

  37.1%
• Value of remittances for advanced countries is not as important for development e.g remittances to the US account for 0.03% of its GDP