Anthracis

• Spore-forming gram-positive bacilli


  • Aerobe
  • Anaerobe
• Aerobic spore-forming bacilli


  • Bacillus anthracis
  • Bacillus cereus
• Non-spore-forming gram-positive bacilli


  • Corynebacterium diphtheriae
  • Listeria monocytogenes
• Bacillus anthracis


  Aerobic spore-forming bacteria
• Gram-positive bacilli


  Bacteria that stain purple with Gram stain and have a rod-shaped morphology
• CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM


  A species of gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic bacteria that produces the neurotoxin responsible for botulism
• Botulism


  A dangerous disease caused by the consumption of a substance or food contaminated with a strong neurotoxin
• Botulinum toxin


  • Poisonous substances that can manifest skeletal muscle paralysis, blurry vision, and difficulty to move and breathe
• Botulism


  • Characterized by symmetrical, descending, flaccid paralysis of motor and autonomic nerves that usually begins at the cranial nerves
• Botulism pathogenesis


  1. Causes extraocular muscle paralysis from paralysis of cranial nerves III, IV, and VI

  2. Causes expressionless faces or hypomimia from paralysis of cranial nerve VII

  3. Causes dysphagia from paralysis of cranial nerve IX

  4. Can cause paralysis of cranial nerve X and cranial nerve XI
• Cases of botulism rarely happen but it can still cause illness or death
• Cardiovascular signs and symptoms of botulism

  • Autonomic nervous system instability
  • Tachycardia
  • Hypertension
  • Orthostatic hypotension
• Respiratory signs and symptoms of botulism

  • Respiratory depression
  • Respiratory muscle paralysis
  • May lead to ventilatory failure and death
• Neurological signs and symptoms of botulism

  • Paralysis of cranial nerves III, IV, and VI (extra ocular muscle paralysis, blurry vision, frank diplopia, inability to accommodate near vision)
  • Cranial nerve VII: expressionless faces or hypomimia
  • Cranial nerve IX: dysphagia
  • Cranial nerve X: oropharyngeal dysphagia