A04

• Realism


  • Depiction of everyday life, ordinary people, and plausible events
• Naturalism


  • Emphasis on determinism, portraying characters as influenced by their environment and heredity
• Naturalism flourished in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, but elements persist in contemporary literature
• Modernism


  • Experimentation with narrative techniques, fragmented structure, and stream-of-consciousness
• Modernism was dominant from the late 19th century through the early to mid-20th century
• Postmodernism


  • Playful subversion of traditional narrative forms, intertextuality, and metafiction
• Postmodernism emerged in the mid-20th century and continues to influence contemporary literature
• Magical Realism

  • Blending of magical elements with realistic settings and characters
• Magical Realism gained prominence in the mid-20th century and continues to be influential in global literature
• Science Fiction

  • Speculative exploration of future technologies, societies, and scientific concepts
• Science Fiction became prominent in the mid-20th century and remains a popular genre today
• Dystopian Fiction


  • Portrayal of oppressive or dysfunctional societies, often as warnings or critiques of contemporary issues
• Dystopian Fiction gained prominence in the mid-20th century and remains relevant in contemporary literature
• Historical Fiction

  • Set in the past, often featuring real historical events, figures, or settings
• Historical Fiction has been a prominent genre throughout the 20th and 21st centuries
• Postcolonial Literature


  • Exploration of themes related to colonialism, identity, and cultural hybridity
• Postcolonial Literature emerged as a significant genre in the latter half of the 20th century and continues to be influential
• Experimental Fiction

  • Non-traditional narrative techniques, innovative structures, and unconventional storytelling, Experimental Fiction became more prominent in the mid-20th century and continues to be explored by contemporary authors