Nucleic acids

• What is a monomer 


  Small molecule which can be repeated to make a polymer
• What is the polymer of a nucleotide 


  Nucleic acids
• What is a nucleotide and what is its structure 


  Monomer of DNA and RNA

  phosphate group , 5 carbon ( Pentose ) sugar and a nitrogenous base
• What are the functions of a nucleotide

  • create Nucleic acids
  • become phosphorylated nucleotides
  • help conezymes
• what is the function of phosphorylated nucleotides 


  Helps regulate metabolic pathways
• What coenzyme is adenine nucleotides a component of and what is its function 


  NADP - photosynthesis
• What are the complementary nitrogenous base pairs in DNA 


  Adenine + thymine

  guanine + cytosine
• Describe the structure of a purine


  Adenine and guanine

  2 ( double ) carbon nitrogen rings
• What is a phosphorylated nucleotide


  a nucleotide that has more than one phosphate group
• Molecular formula of deoxyribose 


  C5 H10 O4
• Describe the structure of à pyrimidine

  Cytosine and thymine ( uracil in RNA)

  1 carbon nitrogen ring
• name the 3 phosphorylated nucleotides


  
  

  ADP (2)

  AMP ( 3 )
• what are the elements that all nucleotides contain 


  Carbon

  hydrogen

  oxygen

  nitrogen

  phosphorus
• What is the use of DNA


  Store coded genetic information for the function of an organism for growth and development
• What is a macromolecule and what is their function within a cell

  very large , organic molecule

  support , storage of genetic information and to speed up chemical reactions
• Draw the structure of a nucleotide

  Here

  
• What are the complementary nitrogenous base pairings in RNA


  Adenine and uracil

  guanine and cytosine
• what is the Pentose sugar in RNA 


  ribose
• What is the molecular formula of ribose 


  C5 H10 O5
• What is the use of ATP

  • energy for chemical reactions ( protein synthesis and transport of molecules across membranes by active transport)
• What is the structure of DNA

  • 2 anti parallel polynucleotide strands with sugar phosphate backbones and a double helix via covalent bonds
  • Phosphate group
  • 5 carbon sugar ( deoxyribose )
  • nitrogenous base
• How are nucleotides form

  Condensation reactions
• What is a condensation reaction


  reaction that occurs when two molecules are joint together with the removal of water
• How many hydrogen bonds are between the complementary nitrogenous pair bases of DNA 


  a + t = 2

  g + c = 3
• How are the antiparallel strands in DNA joined together

  Hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases
• How is a double helix structure formed and why 


  Purine and pyrimidine forming equal sized rungs on their DNA strand which twist for structure
• What does a base pair of a nucleotide always consist of and why

  Purine + pyrimidine = Same length rungs
• What is meant by antiparallel strands

  5 - phosphate group is attached to the 5th carbon atom on the deoxyribose sugar

  3 - phosphate group is attached to the 3rd carbon atom on the deoxyribose sugar
• What is a sugar phosphate backbone

  Strand of DNA
• When does a phosphodiester bond form and why does it form 


  Between phosophate and the sugar Joins 2 nucleotides together
• How is DNA organised in a eukaryotic cell

  Wound around histone proteins which forms chromosomes in the nucleus

  loop Inside chloroplast and mitochondria
• pentose sugar in RNA and DNA


  R NA - ribose

  D NA - deoxyribose
• What is the chemical composition of ATP

  Ribose sugar , adenine base And 3 phosphate groups
• What is phosphorylation

  A nucleotide gets a phosphate group added to it

  eg - ADP + phosphate = ATP
• Describe what a genome is

  All the DNA with a cell
• What happens every time a cell divides and why does it do it

  DNA is copied so every new cell has the full amount of DNA
• What must happen for a DNA molecule to be able to make a copy of itself

  Unwind - double helix is untwisted by a gyrase enzyme

  unzip -hydrogen bonds between nucleotide bases are broken by DNA helicase
• What is the difference between hydrogen and covalent bonds

  Hydrogen - temporary weak interactions

  covalent - strong
• What is DNA polymerase

  Enzyme that catalyses formation of DNA from activated deoxyribose nucleotides using a single stranded DNA as a template
• what is a DNA helicase enzyme

  enzyme that catalyses the breaking of hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous pairs of bases in a DNA molecule