genbio2

• Photosynthesis


  • Process which plants make their own food
  • Conversion of plant into energy
• Chloroplast


  • Organelle that contains chlorophyll (green pigment used in photosynthesis)
  • Where photosynthesis takes place
• Parts of Chloroplast


  • Thylakoid
  • Granum
  • Stroma
  • Stroma Lamella
• Thylakoid


  • Pouch-like sacs
  • Contain chlorophyll which absorbs lights
• Granum


  • Composed of multiple flattened membranes forming a stacked arrangement of a cylindrical shape
  • Composed of multiple thylakoids
• Stroma


  Provides support to thylakoids
• Stroma Lamella


  • Connect thylakoids of different grana
  • Acts as a skeleton of chloroplast
• Two Types of Reaction

  • Light dependent reaction
  • Light independent reaction (Calvin Cycle)
• Light dependent reaction


  • Occurs in thylakoid
  • Requires light
  • Occurs where the sun's light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll
• Light independent reaction (Calvin Cycle)


  • Occurs in stroma
  • Does not need light to function but needs the product of light reaction
  • The product is sugar
• Cellular Respiration


  1. Process by which chemical energy of food molecules is released and captured in the form ATP

  2. Occurs in mitochondria
• ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)


  Enzymatic breakdown of glucose (sugar) in the presence of oxygen to produce cellular energy (ATP)
• Glycolysis


  1. Occurs in cytosol

  2. Process which glucose (6-carbon sugar) is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate (3-carbon sugar)

  3. Products are 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)
• Pyruvate


  Ionic form of a 3-carbon acid and product of glycolysis
• Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

  1. Occurs in mitochondrial matrix

  2. Generate chemical energy (ATP, NADH, FADH2) from the oxidation of pyruvate
• Fermentation


  Complement glycolysis and makes it possible for ATP to be continually produced in the absence of oxygen
• Major Parts of a Plant

  • Shoot System
  • Root System
• Shoot System


  • Aerial part of a plant, which grows or shoots upwards
  • Provides structure by holding it upright (stem)
  • Transports fluids between throughout the whole plants (stem)
  • Collect sunlight and make food by photosynthesis (leaves)
• Parts of the Shoot System

  • Stem
  • Leaf
  • Fruit
  • Flowers
• Stem


  • Supports the plant so it can get sunlight
  • Carries water and nutrients from roots to different parts of the plant
• Leaf


  • Captures sunlight to make food
  • Site of photosynthesis and transpiration
• Parts of a Leaf

  • Blade
  • Petiole
• Fruit


  Protects the seed
• Flowers


  Reproductive part of the plant
• Parts of a Flower

  • Sepals
  • Petals
  • Pistil
  • Stamen
• Sepals


  Green leaves that protect the bud until it opens
• Petals


  Often brightly colored to attract pollinators
• Parts of the Pistil

  • Stigma
  • Style
  • Ovary
• Stigma


  Sticky part that catches the pollen grains
• Style


  Long tube-like part that connects the stigma to the ovary
• Ovary


  Where seeds are produced
• Parts of the Stamen

  • Anther
  • Filament
• Anther


  Produces the pollen grains
• Filament


  Supports the anther
• Pollen


  Tiny grains containing the sperm that is necessary for sexual reproduction
• Root System


  • Composed of the organs that grow beneath and into the ground
  • Absorbing water and minerals
  • Anchoring and supporting the plant
• Parts of the Root System

  • Roots
  • Pneumatophores
• Roots


  • Anchorage of the plant
  • Absorbs water and nutrients from the soil
• Pneumatophores


  • Supply oxygen in submerged areas of submerged roots
  • Example "Mangrove"
• Cotyledon


  Leaf inside seed that supplies food to growing embryo