New media, globalisation and popular culture

• What does mass media refer to?

  Forms of communication reaching large audiences
• Which body regulates the press in the UK?

  The Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO)
• What does Ofcom stand for?

  Office of Communications
• Twitter, Facebook, and TikTok are what form of media?

  Social media
• What are the FOUR key areas of media?

  • Ownership
  • Control
  • Content
  • Access and Use
• Name the 5 main formal controls of media.

  1. Ofcom
  2. IPSO
  3. The law (e.g., libel laws)
  4. Codes of conduct
  5. Government regulation
• What are two power considerations of media?

  Influence on public opinion and political outcomes
• Name 4 products of social media.

  • User-generated content
  • Influencer marketing
  • Viral trends
  • Targeted advertising
• What is 'Synergy' in media?

  Collaboration of media products to promote effectively
• What is 'Technological convergence'?

  Merging of separate media technologies into one
• What term means owning all stages in production, distribution, and consumption?

  Vertical integration
• What is another term for cross media ownership?

  Horizontal integration
• Who stated that media companies are concentrated in the hands of a few?

  Bagdikian
• Is the BBC a public or independent broadcasting service?

  Public broadcasting service
• What is the difference between public and independent broadcasting?

  Public is funded by the public; independent is profit-driven
• What does convergence refer to in media?

  Coming together of different media forms
• What do Marxists like Miliband argue about media?

  Media spreads dominant ideology supporting capitalism
• What are neophilacs?

  People enthusiastic about new media technologies
• What is one criticism of the manipulative approach?

  It overestimates media owners' power
• What is an ideological state apparatus?

  Institutions spreading dominant ideology to maintain power
• Name one difference between traditional and new media.

  Traditional is one-way; new is interactive
• What term do Marxists use to describe institutions like media?

  Ideological State Apparatus
• Who coined the term 'Ideological State Apparatus'?

  Louis Althusser
• What is meant by media concentration?

  Ownership of multiple outlets by few corporations
• What is a media conglomerate?

  A large company owning various media enterprises
• Who said media owners lack time to manipulate content?

  Curran and Seaton
• What does hegemony mean in media context?

  Domination by consent of minority ideology
• Who coined the term 'Hegemony'?

  Antonio Gramsci
• Who are the Glasgow University Media Group?

  • Sociologists arguing media reflects dominant ideology
  • Supports ruling class interests through biased reporting
• What does the instrumentalist approach suggest about media owners?

  They actively shape media content through control
• Give one contrast between the Manipulative and Hegemonic approaches.

  • Manipulative: Owners directly control content
  • Hegemonic: Bias is subtle, based on norms
• Who is the owner of the News Corp media group?

  Rupert Murdoch
• What was the Leveson Inquiry about?

  Practices and ethics of the British press
• What does synergy mean in a business context?

  Related businesses work together for effectiveness
• Which sociologists are associated with the fallacy of choice?

  Curran and Seaton
• What is Pluralism in mass media?

  Diverse media with audience power to choose
• What are the four main perspectives on media ownership?

  • Pluralist
  • Marxist (Instrumentalist)
  • Hegemonic (Neo-Marxist)
  • Postmodernist
• Who argues that competition between media companies is healthy?

  Pluralists