NOTES

• Quasars


  Known as the Quasi-stellar radio sources
• Quasars


  luminous and far celestial objects in the universe that are detected due the large electromagnetic radiation that they emit
• Quasars


  They are thought to be powered by supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies
• PROTOGALAXIES

  STAR-FORMING SYSTEM IS MUCH SMALLER AND LESS ORGANIZED THAN THE MODERN GALAXY
• PROTOGALAXIES

  DOES NOT CONTAIN SIGNIFICANT AMOUNTS OF ANY ELEMENTS BESIDES HYDROGEN AND HELIUM.
• PROTOGALAXIES MERGE TO FORM GALAXIES AND WOULD GATHER INTO GALAXY CLUSTERS
• Jeans mass


  minimum mass that a clump of gas must have to collapse under its gravity
• FORMATION OF PROTOGALAXIES


  CLOUDS OF GAS AND DUST THAT SLOWLY AGGREGATES TO FORM MORE MATTER
• FORMATION OF PROTOGALAXIES


  AS THEY EVOLVE, THEY WILL BEGIN TO MERGE WITH EACH OTHER AND FORM LARGER STRUCTURES LIKE THE GALAXY THAT WE KNOW TODAY
• HOW STARS FORMED?

  • Fron a cloud of dust and Hydrogen gas called Nebuli
  • The life of star begins as protostar
  • Hydrogen molecules in these clouds begin to react with each one another to form Helium gas through the process called Thermonuclear fusion
  • With enough mass and huge amount of energy the protostar eventually collapse into its own gravitational force and forms a hot ball of gas
• Protostar


  Hot core formed from the collection of dust and gas
• CLASSIFICATION OF STARS

  • SURFACE TEMPERATURE
  • LUMINOSITY
• CATEGORIES FOR STARS FORMATION

  1. MICROPHYSICS
  2. MACROPHYSICS
• MICROPHYSICS


  Deals with how individual stars form
• MACROPHYSICS


  Deals with how systems of stars form, ranging from clusters to galaxies
• LIFESPAN OF STARS

  1. Less Massive Stars
  2. Massive Stars
  3. Most Massive Stars
• Less Massive Star


  Emit their stellar material into space that will leave behind a white dwarf surrounded by a planetary nebula
• Massive Stars


  Blast matter in the solar space in a bright supernova that leaves behind a highly dense body called a neutron star
• Massive Stars


  "Dependent on the amount of Hydrogen present, when all of the hydrogens are consumed the stars will die"
• Most Massive Stars


  (3x the mass of the sun) collapse into themselves and creates a black hole
• OUR SOLAR SYSTEM IS MADE UP OF A STAR, EIGHT PLANETS AND COUNTLESS SMALLER BODIES SUCH AS DWARF PLANETS, ASTEROIDS AND COMETS
• THE ORDER OF THE PLANETS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM, STARTING NEAREST THE SUN AND WORKING OUTWARD IS THE FOLLOWING: MERCURY, VENUS, EARTH, MARS, JUPITER, SATURN, URANUS, NEPTUNE
• How Planets Form

  Small objects in space coalesce and form planet precursors called PLANETESIMALS
• How Planets Form

  Planetesimals gather together due to common gravity and form a Planet
• MERCURY

  • Revolution: 88 Days/ Year
  • KNOWN AS A SHRINKING PLANET BECAUSE ITS IRON CORE IS SLOWLY COOLING CAUSING IT TO AFFECT THE PLANET’S OVERALL SIZE TO DECREASE
  • DOES NOT CONTAIN AN ATMOSPHERE, JUST A THIN LAYER OF EXOSPHERE
• VENUS

  • MAXWELL MONTES VOLCANO IN VENUS THAT IS ALMOST AS HIGH AS MT. EVEREST
  • Rain in Venus is made up of Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)
  • Cause of Venus’ brightness: It reflects 70% of all the sunlight that reaches the planet
• EARTH

  • ONLY PLANET KNOWN TO SUSTAIN LIFE
  • BECAUSE OF ITS DISTANCE FROM THE SUN, IT IS ABLE TO CONTAIN WATER IN ALL OF ITS FORM
  • LIFE ON EARTH FIRST BEGAN IN THE OCEANS IN THE FORM OF MICROORGANISMS
• MARS

  • THE RED PLANET
  • Same seasons as the Earth but these seasons lasts longer
  • Gravity is weaker compared to Earth
  • Atmosphere is mostly composed of carbon dioxide
• JUPITER

  • SOLAR SYSTEM’S FIRST PLANET
  • LARGEST PLANET IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
  • CONTAINS 79 MOONS
  • THE GREAT RED SPOT
  • MOST ICONIC FEATURE OF JUPITER (a) A CRIMSON BROWN STORM RAGING FOR 300 YEARS (b) A GIANT COLLECTION OF SWIRLING CLOUDS
• SATURN

  • LIGHTEST PLANET
  • Less dense than water
  • TS LARGEST STORM IS LOCATED ON ITS NORTH POLE AND HAS A HEXAGONAL SHAPE
• SATURN'S RING SYSTEM

  • 7 LAYERS
  • COMPOSED OF ICY REMNANTS OF COMETS, ASTEROIDS AND MOONS
  • IT STAYS ON TRACK AND INTACT DUE TO SATURN’S SMALLEST MOONS WHICH ORBITS BETWEEN THE RINGS AND USES THEIR GRAVITY TO SHAPE IT
• URANUS

  • COLDEST PLANET
  • ROTATES VERTICALLY ALONG ITS EQUATOR
  • CONTAINS 13 RINGS AND 27 MOONS
  • Cause of the planet’s blue color: ITS SURFACE IS MADE UP OF WATER, AMMONIA, METHANE
• NEPTUNE

  • COLD, DARK AND ICY DUE TO ITS FAR DISTANCE FROM THE SUN
  • CONTAINS 6 RINGS AND 14 MOONS
  • TRITON: NEPTUNE’S LARGEST MOON
• TERRESTRIAL PLANETS

  • Made of rocky material
  • Solid surface
  • No ring systems
  • Few moons
  • Relatively small
• JOVIAN PLANETS

  • Multiple moons
  • No solid surface
  • Has ring systems
  • Large in size
• 4 CHARACTERISTICS OF A PLANET

  1. Orbit the sun
  2. Not a moon
  3. Enough mass to be round
  4. Able to clear orbit of debris
• Dwarf Planet

  Structure

  • Core
  • Mantle
  • Crust

  Contains 5 moons
• Its inability to clear its orbit of debris was the caause why Pluto lost its status as a planet
• Nucleosynthesis

  • IT IS THE PROCESS OF FORMING A NEW ATOMIC NUCLEI FROM EXISTING SMALLER NUCLEI.
  • An atomic nuclei may be formed through the combination of light element or from the breakdown of heavier elements.
• Nuclear Fusion 


  Combination of two or more atomic nuclei to form one or more new atomic nuclei