module 2

• Policy Formulation


  1. Development of effective and acceptable courses of action for addressing what has been placed on the policy agenda

  2. Examination of various policy options considered to be possible solutions

  3. Coalitions of actors strive to gain priority for one specific interpretation of both the problem and its solution

  4. Power relationships crystallize determining the direction a policy will take
• Policy Formulation Process


  1. Selecting the desired objective

  2. Identifying the target of the objective

  3. Determining the pathway to reach that objective

  4. Designing the specific program or measure in respect of that goal; Target, Cost and Financing, Political issues

  5. Implementing the measure and assessing its impact
• Policy Formulation Processes


  1. Identification of the relevant concepts, goals, and target

  2. Development of a library of policy measures

  3. Specification of relationships among measures

  4. Generation of possible combinations of policy measures into policy packages

  5. Creation of clusters using planning techniques

  6. Evaluation of the different alternatives (creation of future images)
• Public Policy Process


  1. Agenda Building

  2. Formulation

  3. Adoption

  4. Implementation

  5. Evaluation

  6. Termination
• Agenda Setting


  A problem must exist that is called to the attention of the government
• Formulation and Adoption


  1. Policy formulation means coming up with an approach to solving a problem

  2. Congress, the executive branch, the courts, and interest groups may be involved

  3. Contradictory proposals are often made

  4. Policy is adopted when Congress passes legislation, the regulations become final, or the Supreme Court renders a decision in a case
• Implementation


  The carrying out of policy is most often accomplished by institutions other than those that formulated and adopted it
• Evaluation and Termination


  Determining how well a policy is working, often using cost-benefit analysis
• Characteristics of Public Policy

  • Policy consists of courses of action rather than mere decisions
  • Policy is purposive or goal-oriented action
  • Policy is what government does, not what it says it will do or intends to do
  • Policy is based upon law and is authoritative
  • Policy is the result of political processes
• Institutions/Sectors Involved


  • Legislatures
  • Courts
  • Bureaucratic agencies
  • Executive offices at national, local, and state levels
  • Governmental departments: the police, fire departments, street repair, or building inspection
• Role of Economist


  • Help draw a clear line between value judgement and economic analysis
  • Proper institutions influences policy making in appropriate way
  • Establishing independent bodies for public evaluation of policy, indirectly via the public debate
  • Independents can gain credibility by sticking to positive analysis and abstaining from policy recommendations
  • Provide pedagogical examples in the public debate combining analysis and value judgement
• Elements of Policy Advocacy Campaign


  1. Gather background information

  2. Build strong partnerships

  3. Know the political landscape

  4. Help develop legislation or regulations

  5. Determine what is non-negotiable

  6. Identify legislative sponsors and policy champions

  7. Develop your key strategies

  8. Prepare to communicate effectively

  9. Formulate your campaign action plan

  10. Run your campaign

  11. Monitor and evaluate progress

  12. Celebrate success and remain engaged
• Policy Formulation

  -          The process of making the government aware that an issue requires action.

  -          The discussion of proposals between governmental officials and the public.

  -          Choosing a specific policy proposal among the alternatives that have been discussed.

  -          Concerned with the implementation of policy by bureaucrats, the courts, police, and individual citizens.

  -          The process of examining how a policy has worked in practice.
• Formulation of Policies

  1.      Policies must be based on facts not on intuition.

  2.      Joint participation in policy-making should be encouraged.

  3.      Policies should be broad, general and basic, not specific because they are guide for thinking and action.

  4.      Policies must reflect the internal and external business environment.

  5.      Rigidities should be avoided to make policies more realistic.

  6.      Policies should be in writing and the language of the policies should be intelligible to those who are supposed to implement them.
• Cost-benefit analysis is based on hard-to-come-by data that are subjected to different, and sometimes contradictory, interpretations.
• Policy advocacy is a set of targeted actions directed at decision makers in support of a specific change.