Chem final

• system on macroscopic level appears static with constant concentration of products balanced by constant concentration of reactants?

  equilibrium
• Keq is the?


  equilibrium constant
• the equilibrium constant is the ratio of ______ concentration to the concentration of ________?

  product, reactant
• In water, an acid separates into an anion and hydronium ion
• HCl has an extremely high equilibrium constant which means the products are strongly favored
• what is a conjugate base?

  a base created when an acid loses its hydrogen ion
• How does a conjugate base act in the reversing of the dissociation of an acid?

  it associates with a hydrogen cation
• What is the Henderson-Hasselbach equation?

  pH=pKa + log (conjugate base)/(weak acid)
• What element is the basis for all life forms?

  carbon
• 2-acetyloxybenzoic acid is?

  aspirin
• Carbon atoms ALWAYS form _ bonds?

  4
• Same chemical formula with different structure and properties?


  isomers
• As the number of atoms in a hydrocarbon increases so does the number of possible isomers
• What groups impart distinct physical and chemical properties to molecules?

  functional
• The presence of an -OH group attached to a carbon is associated with?

  alcohol
• a carboxylic acid group imparts?

  acidic properties
• What is the general formula for organic acid?

  RCOOH
• H2N?


  amine group
• 2 C and 1 O is associated with?

  ether
• Functional groups containing oxygen and nitrogen usually increase molecular polarity and thus solubility
• chiral/optical isomers differ in 3D structure and interaction with polarized light
• The differences in our right and left hands illustrate the differing functions and properties of chiral isomers
• Racemic mixture?


  equal amounts of each optical isomer
• One chiral isomer of naproxen is a pain reliever, the other causes?

  liver damage
• What is the process for complete combustion of glucose in our bodies?

  cellular respiration
• Active sites allow for the acceleration and control of reactions via enzymes
• What is stage 1 of cellular respiration?

  glycolysis
• How are biological messages conveyed when they are not electrical impulses?

  Chemical processes
• What hormone is responsible for metabolic regulation?

  Thyroxine
• Hemoglobin is a biomolecule specifically designed to transport oxygen through the bloodstream
• Lock and key model of binding requires exact shapes of protein and other molecule to be able to fit together
• The induced fit binding model suggests that molecules shift into correct binding position only upon binding
• Conformational selection suggests that one of the molecules switches between 3D shapes to fit the other before binding occurs
• A class of naturally occurring (or synthetic) fat-soluble organic compounds that share a common carbon skeleton arranged in four rings: steroid
• Steroid that is major component of cell membranes?

  cholesterol
• Willow bark is associated with which modern drug?

  aspirin
• Once in the body, salicyl alcohol is converted to salicylic acid
• Why are drug molecules commonly administered as salts?

  Improve their water solubility and stability
• The reaction of salicylic acid with acetic acid produces?

  acetylsalicylic acid (and water)
• What functional group of aspirin makes it less irritating?

  Ester