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• Classification of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Therapies

  • Whole alternative medical systems
  • Mind-body interventions
  • Biologically-based treatments
  • Manipulative and body-based methods
  • Energy therapies
• NCCAM (2014) CAM practice categories


  • Natural products
  • Mind and body medicine
  • Manipulative and body-based practices
  • Other CAM practices
• NCCIH (2015) CAM approach categories

  • Natural products
  • Mind and body practices
  • Other CAM health approaches
• Homeopathy


  Homoios - similar, pathos - suffering or sickness, most confidential (potentization), based on the laws of similars or "like cures like"
• Homeopathy


  • Healing system developed in 1797 by Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann
  • Hahnemann hypothesized that one can select therapies on the basis of how closely symptoms produced by a remedy match the symptoms of the patient's disease
• Essential Principles of Homeopathy

  • The principle of "like cures like"
  • The principle of minimal dose
  • The principle of single remedy
• Homeopathic prescription


  1. Note the symptoms

  2. Look up on the symptoms

  3. Decide which remedy is appropriate

  4. Decide the dosage (often/repeat)

  5. Evaluate the results
• Sources of homeopathic remedies

  • Plant materials
  • Animal and Insect materials
  • Biological materials
  • Chemical/Mineral substances
• Extraction - Mother Tincture


  Primary starting point of homeopathic remedies
• Potentization - Dilution, Succussion


  1 part (tincture drop) + 1 part (aqueous sol. —-> shake vigorously, more diluted, more potent
• Homeopathic dosage forms


  • Liquids (Linctus, Oral solution)
  • Solid dosage forms (Crystals, Granules, Tablets)
  • Other forms (Gels, Creams, Ointments)
• Homeopathic treatments


  • Minute/diluted remedies from animal, vegetable, and mineral substance
  • Homeopaths believe the energy or vibrational pattern from a homeopathic substance (vital force)
  • Homeopathic products are OTC products
  • Used for self-treatment of conditions like flu, sore throat, headache and insomnia
• There are 2000 homeopathic remedies
• Homeopaths use repertories and materia medicas
• Homeopathy has emerged in many countries around the world including Australia, Canada, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, India, Israel, Netherlands, New Zealand, and United States
• In 2007, 3.9 million adults and 900,000 children used homeopathy in the USA
• In 2012, 5.04 million adults used homeopathy in the USA
• Germany has 6,000 homeopathic practitioners and France has 5,000 homeopathic practitioners
• India has 100 homeopathic colleges, the first homeopathy in Asia introduced by a German geologist
• Naturopathy


  Holistic whole body health care system based on the belief that the body has the potential to heal itself
• Naturopathy


  • Medical practitioners support bodily efforts
  • Central belief: vis medicatrix naturae - healing power of nature
• Hippocrates promoted diet, exercise, manipulative therapies, hydrotherapy

  400 BCE
• Chadwick linked the spread of cholera to contaminated drinking water


  18th and 19th century
• Arnold Rikli promoted fresh air, sunlight and cold water swimming


  1848
• Dr. Benedict Lust founded the American School of Naturopathy in New York


  1902
• Dr. Lust founded the American Naturopathy Association


  1919
• Key Principles of Naturopathy

  • Promote the healing power of nature
  • Disease is a natural part of nature
  • Promote health and prevent disease
  • The body will heal itself
  • Germs are not the major cause of the disease
  • First, do no harm
• Traditional Naturopathic Diagnostic Methods

  • Lifestyle and diet
  • Biotypes
  • Iridology
  • Mineral analysis
• Iridology


  Alternative medicine technique that examines patterns, colors, and other characteristics of the iris to determine information about a patient's systemic health
• Mineral Analysis


  Used to re-establish balance of the chemicals in the body and assess the body's mineral deficiencies and toxin levels
• Naturopathic Treatments


  • Balancing four major body systems
  • Education and counseling
  • Nutrition
  • Botanicals and traditional medicine
  • Manipulative therapies
  • Hydrotherapy
• Hydrotherapy


  Involves the use of water for pain relief and treatment, taking advantage of the physical properties of water, such as temperature and pressure, for therapeutic purposes, to stimulate blood circulation and treat the symptoms of certain diseases
• Hippocrates (460 – 377 BC) was the Father of Modern Medicine and founded the Hippocratic School of Medicine
• Galen had great anatomical knowledge, Soranus studied gynecology, and Dioscorides wrote books on herbal medicines
• Women played a major role as healers, assisting in the birthing process together with the physician
• Greek healing methodology influenced Roman medicine, and the Romans knew that poor hygiene was linked to disease and death
• The Romans used surgical tools like scalpels, hooks, bone drills, catheters, vaginal specula, and surgical saws
• Traditional Chinese medicine started in the Western Han Dynasty (206 BCE to 220 AD) with the standardization of Chinese medicine, though some theorize it began in the Qin dynasty (221 - 206 BCE)
• Different Literatures of Chinese Medicine

  • Huangdi Neijing (The yellow emperor's inner canon)
  • Shennong Jing (Classic of Shennong)
  • Shhenong Bencao Jing (Herbal Classic of Shennong)
  • Nanjing (Classic of Difficult Issues)
• Chinese medicine physicians believed that illness occurs when energy flow is blocked