Microbiology and Public Health

• Anton van Leeuwanhoek

  • Father of Microbiology
  • 1st to observe microorganisms
  • 1861 → Stool sample → Giardia lamblia
• Edward Jenner

  • Father of Immunology
  • 1st vaccine (small pox)
  • Coined the term vaccination
• Emil von Behring 


  Serum for diphtheria
• Louis Pasteur

  • Father of Medical Microbiology
  • Introduced the Germ Theory of Disease
  • Coined the term pasteurization
  • Control of Silkworm Disease
• Paul Ehrlich

  • Father of Chemotherapy
  • Salvarsan (Compound 606/Magic Bullter) → Arsenical compound of syphilis
• Robert Koch

  • Founder of Koch's Postulates
  • Discovered the causative agents for Anthrax, Cholera, and Tuberculosis
  • Agar as culture media
• CA of Anthrax

  Bacillus antracis
• CA for Cholera

  Vibrio cholerae
• CA for Tuberculosis

  Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Capsule


  Antiphagocytic
• Cilla 


  Motility (Parasites)
• Flagellum 


  Motility (Bacteria)
• Granule


  Site of Nutrients
• Glycocalyx 


  Adherence
• Pilus/Fimbriae 


  Attachment and Conjugation
• Plasmid


  Genes for antibiotic resistant and toxins
• Spore


  Resistance to destructive factors
• Obligate Aerobe


  With oxygen
• Obligate Anaerobe


  Without oxygen
• Facultative Anaerobe 


  With/Without Oxygen; Prefers With
• Aerotolerant Anaerobe


  With/Without Oxygen; Prefers Without
• Microaerophile


  With oxygen, but in small amounts
• Autotroph


  Make organic sources
• Heterotroph


  Cannot make organic sources
• Chemolithotroph 


  Utilize inorganic sources
• Psychrophile 


  5C - 15C
• Psychrotroph

  20C - 30C
• Mesophile 


  30C - 37C
• Thermophile


  50C - 60C
• Hyperthermophile 


  > 60C
• Anaerobic Media/Culture

  • Thioglycolate Broth
  • Neomycin Blood Agar
  • Robertson Cooked Meat (RCM)
  • Willis and Hobbs Media
• Oxidase


  Presence of Oxidase
• Catalase


  Staphylococcus vs. Streptococcus
• Coagulase 


  Distinguish Staphylococcus
• Hemolysis 


  Distinguish Streptococcus spp.
• Gram

  • General Classification; Based on Cell Wall
  • Primary Stain: Crystal Violet
• Ziehl-Neelsen

  • Acid Fast Bacteria
  • Primary Stain: Carbolfuchsin
• Negative

  • Presence of Capsule
  • Primary Stain: India Ink/Nigrosin
• Welch

  • Presence of Capsule
  • Primary Stain: Crystal Violet
• Schaeffer-Fulton

  • Presence of Endospore
  • Primary Stain: Malachite Green