Industrial Revolution: 1700 - 1900
Cards (18)
- Background info:
- City population (overcrowding) and technology increase
- Less church influence
- The Enlightenment - idea that people don't need authority
- Scientific revolution - new ideas
- Key dates:
- 1796 - Jenner + vaccine
- 1847 - Simpson +chloroform anaesthetic
- 1848 - 1st Public Health act (ineffective)
- 1852 - smallpox vaccine compulsory
- 1854 - Snow + Cholera
- 1859 - Nightingale writes 'Notes on Nursing
- 1861 - Pasteur + germ theory
- 1865 - Lister + Carbolic acid antiseptic
- 1875 - 2nd public health act (effective)
- 1881 - Pasteur + Anthrax vaccine
- 1882 - Koch stains microbes
- Key people:
- Joseph Lister - pioneered Carbolic acid as antiseptic
- Robert Koch - used Germ Theory to identify bacteria causing disease
- Edward Jenner - created Smallpox vaccine
- James Simpson - discovered Chloroform anaesthetic
- John Snow - proved cholera is spread by water. Made chloroform safe
- Florence Nightingale - improved hospitals and made nursing more respectable
- Louis Pasteur - Germ Theory, vaccines for anthrax and rabies
- Key ideas (causes):
- Spontaneous generation (change)
- Germ theory (change)
- Miasma (continuity)
- Old ideas gone (4 humours, religion)
- Spontaneous generation - microbes are created by decaying matter
- Germ theory:
- Germs in the air cause disease and decayLittle impact initially, because
- Little impact initially, because Pasteur was unqualified and couldn't find which germs caused disease, and other doctors disapproved
- Koch then identified the bacteria for Anthrax, TB, and Cholera
- Koch made it easier to study bacteria by growing and dying them
- Key ideas (treatment):
- Hospitals (change)
- Nursing (change)
- Anaesthetics and antiseptics (change)
- Hospitals:
- Few remained after reformation
- Rich people donated
- Rich were treated at home
- Focus on care
- Doctors and apothecaries on site
- Workhouses for poor had infirmaries
- Became less sanitary
- Separate wards for infectious patients
- Nursing:
- 1854 - took a team to the Crimean war hospitals
- Cleaned the hospital, bedding and clothes. Improved sanitation and ventilation
- Death rate 40-2%
- Wrote books and founded a school (1860)
- New hospital design (pavilion, wards)
- Anaesthetics:
- Ether used previously
- Simpson accidentally discovered chloroform by knocking out himself and friends
- Chloroform became popular after Queen use duty for childbirth in 1853
- Overdoses could kill
- Some disagreed because pain was 'God’s will'
- Antiseptics:
- Often people would die after surgery from infection
- He tested carbolic acid by wrapping a wound in carbolic acid bandages
- He also sprayed it in the theatre
- However, it took a long time to catch on
- Key ideas (prevention):
- Inoculation (change)
- Vaccination (change)
- Government (change)
- Inoculation - spreading infected pus into a wound to build resistance to a disease
- Vaccination:
- 1790s - Jenner noticed milkmaid with cowpox didn't catch smallpox
- Tested it by infecting a boy with cowpox then smallpox
- 1798 - published theory
- Opposition from Church, Inoculators, Royal Society
- 1840 - inoculation made illegal
- Didn't understand why it worked
- Government action:
- 1842 - Chadwick publishes a report about poor living conditions in cities
- 1st Public Health act 1848 - encouraged a Local Board of Health. Not compulsory
- Great Stink - led to new sewer system
- 2nd Public Health act 1875 - clean water, sewage disposal, Public health officer. Compulsory
- Cholera - 1854, fatal disease spread by water. People thought it was spread by miasma
- Cholera - John Snow:
- Created a map and found that deaths centred around Broad Street water pump
- Removed the handle so people couldn't use it.
- The outbreak went away
- Later found that a cesspit had leaked there
- Cholera - Impact of Snow:
- Government listened to him and built a sewer system (after Great Stink)
- No scientific proof until Germ theory was published