Human Rights

• When did the UN adopt the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?


  1948
• What is the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child?

  Signed by governments worldwide, describes what a child needs to survive , grow and achieve full potential
• How is global governance multifaceted?

  Because it can involve direct physical intervention but also the application of laws and treaties or conventions
• What does the term geopolitics mean?

  Refers to the global balance of political power and international relations
• The pattern of political power is closely related to economic power.
• What are the supranational political and economic organisations?

  UN, EU, ASEAN and OPEC
• What does article 3 of the UDHR state?

  ’everyone has the right to life, liberty and security.’
• It is estimated that globally 25 million people are victims of forced labour: 16 million exploited in economic activities, 4.9 million in forced sexual exploitation and 4.1 million in forced labour imposed by state.
• What are economic factors that lead to forced labour?

  Poverty, lack of opportunity, subsistence farming and migration and seeking work
• What are political factors influencing forced labour?

  Conflict, instability, corruption and high levels of discrimination
• What are the social factors that lead to forced labour?

  Gender inequality, age, women and children trafficking for sexual exploitation
• What is the definition of MMR?

  The death of a women while pregnant or within 42 days after being pregnant
• In 2017 what was the MMR in SoUtah Sudan?

  1150 per 100,000 live births
• What are the factors that influence global variations in MMR?

  Access to treatments for pregnancy complications, quality of medical services, level of government investment, cultural beliefs, practices and discrimination and poverty.
• Why is MMR associated with human rights?

  Because the vast majority of these deaths are preventable
• In 2018, there were 690 executions globally and 2531 people were sentenced to death in 54 countries.
• What factors affect the global variation of capital punishment?

  Increase in number of countries where its being abolished

  Reinstatement in some countries for threats to state security and public safety posed by terrorism
• What does GGGI stand for?

  Global Gender Gap Index
• Where is gender inequality prevalent?

  In poorer countries
• What are the examples of gender inequality?

  Forced marriage, trafficking/sex slavery, access to education and healthcare, employment opportunities and political empowerment, violence and access to reproductive services
• What is denial of women’s rights derived from?

  Deep rooted patriarchal norms
• What does CEDAW stand for?

  Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women
• What do the International Centre for Research on Women do?

  Work within local communities to resolve gender problems
• Female education is the key to empowering women and achieving gender equality.
• What are the factors influencing female educational participation in developing countries?

  Costs may prohibit all children in a family to go to school

  Household obligations falling on the oldest girl

  Negative classroom environments

  Prevalence of child marriage

  Inadequate legislation
• What is India’s female to male labour force ratio?

  29.8 which is relatively low compared with other rapidly emerging economies
• According to the UN there are still 18 countries where husbands can legally prevent their wives from working.
• How does violation of human rights cause conflict?

  Denial of human needs such as food, housing, employment and access to education over long periods of time

  Unrepresentative government where people are treated unequally

  Oppressive governments that do not respect the needs of all groups-discrimination based on gender or religion

  Genocide and torture
• How can conflict cause human rights violations?

  High incidence of mortality, of military involved or local civilians

  Damage to homes and other property

  Damage to infrastructure including transport systems, hospitals and schools

  Impact on food and water supply

  Displacement of population

  Exploitation of women and children

  Ethnic cleansing
• What do Amnesty International and human rights watch do?

  Publish information on the human rights abuses in each country to increase awareness
• What does intervention involve?

  Flows of people and money to areas affected
• How many people in Yemen required assistance?

  22.2 million with 8 million citizens thought to be at risk of starvation
• What happened in Rwanda in 1994?

  A civil war between the Tutsi minority and the Hutu majority, it caused 800,000 deaths over 100 days
• The refugee crisis results in a number of human rights violations, one in five Syrians is now a refugee in a neighbouring country.
• In Syria, almost 3 million children are out of school , Aleppo has a 6% enrolment rate into schools.
• Rape is used as a weapon of war e.g Nigeria- The Chibok School girls were kidnapped by Boko Haram and forced to marry and change religion.
• How many Syrian citizens have been killed in conflict?

  470,000 which is 11.5% of the population
• By how much has the life expectancy in Syria dropped by?

  15 years
• As estimated 400,000 people are living in besieged areas where humanitarian access is limited and where some are dying of starvation.
• 7/10 people killed have died from torture or other degrading treatment.