Practical Research

• Quantitative Research


  Used to quantify and puts numerical equivalents to findings
• Qualitative Research


  An inquiry process of understanding a social or human problem based on building a complex holistic picture formed with words, reporting detailed views of informants and conducted in a natural setting
• Types of Research


  • Basic Research
  • Applied Research
  • Correlational Research
  • Descriptive Research
  • Ethnographic Research
  • Experimental Research
  • Exploratory Research
  • Historical Research
  • Phenomenological Research
  • Action Research
  • Field Research
• Basic Research


  • Purely direct application but increasing the nature of understanding about the problem
  • Develops the scientific theories to be more understandable to the readers
• Applied Research


  • Needs an answer to specific question
  • Provides solutions and validation in order to apply to the real setting
• Correlational Research


  Systematic investigation or statistical study of relationships among two or more variables, without necessarily determining cause and effect
• Descriptive Research


  • Provides an accurate portrayal of a class or a particular individual situation or group
  • Also known as statistical research
• Ethnographic Research


  • Investigation of a culture through an in-depth study of the members of the culture
  • Involves the systematic collection, description, and analysis of data for development of theories of cultural behavior
• Experimental Research


  Objective, systematic, controlled investigation, for the purpose of predicting and controlling phenomena and examining probability and causality among selected variables
• Exploratory Research


  • Type conducted for a problem that has not been clearly defined
  • Helps determine the best research design, data collection method and selection of subjects
• Historical Research


  • Involves analysis of events that occurred in the remote or recent past
  • Can show patterns that occurred in the past and over time which can help to see where we came from and what kind of solutions we have used in the past
• Phenomenological Research


  • Inductive descriptive research developed from phenomenological philosophy
  • Aims to describe an experience as it is actually lived by the person
  • Concerned with the study of experience from the perspective of the individual
• Action Research


  • Involves the application of the steps of the scientific method in the classroom problems
  • Done on a very limited scope
• Field Research


  Done in natural setting such as barangay, schools, and factory
• Two Approaches to Ethnography

  • Realist
  • Critical
• Realist Approach


  Researcher provides an objective account of the situation
• Critical Approach


  Researcher shows his advocacy for a marginalized group or attempts to empower the group by giving it voice
• Kinds of Qualitative Research

  • Phenomenology
  • Ethnography
  • Grounded theory
  • Case study
  • Content and Discourse Analysis
  • Historical Analysis
• Phenomenology


  Study of how people give meaning to their experiences, like the death of loved ones, care for the people, and friendliness of the people
• Ethnography


  Understanding of how a particular cultural group goes about their daily lives which includes their organizational set-up, internal operations, and lifestyle
• Grounded theory


  • Researcher discovers a new theory based on the data collected
  • Research methodology for discovering theory in a substantive area
• Case study


  • Investigation of a person, group, organization, or situation for a long period of time to explain why such things occur to the subject under study
  • Examples in social care, nursing, psychology, rehabilitation centers, education
• Content and Discourse Analysis


  Examination or analysis of the substance or content of the communication that takes place through letters, books, journals, photos, video recordings, short message services, online messages, emails, audio-visual materials
• Historical Analysis


  • Study of primary documents to explain the connection of past events to the present time
  • Example: explaining the happenings during the Marcos regime
• Factors that Justify Conduct of Qualitative Research


  • Credibility
  • Validity
  • Transferability
  • Dependability
  • Conformability
• Credibility


  Refers to the "truth value" of the qualitative study, its applicability, consistency and neutrality
• Validity


  Refers to an in-depth description that shows the complexities of variables and the embedding of interactions in data derived from the setting
• Transferability


  • Applicability of one set of findings to another context
  • Triangulation is the act of bringing more than one source of data to bear on a single point
• Dependability


  Researchers' attempts to account for changing conditions in the phenomenon chosen for study, as well as change in the design created by increasing refined understanding of the setting
• Conformability


  Answers the question: Do the data help confirm the general findings and lead to the implications?
• Kinds of Qualitative Research Methods

  • Participant Observation
  • Observation
  • In-depth Interviewing
  • Focus Group Interviewing
  • Content Analysis
  • Narratology
  • Films, Video and Photography
• Participant Observation


  Demands immersion in the natural setting of the research participant/s
• Observation


  • Entails the systematic noting and recording of events, behaviors and artifact (objects) in the social setting chosen for study
  • Research learns about behavior and the meaning attached to those behaviors
• In-depth Interviewing


  • Resemble conversations, but with pre-determined response categories
  • A degree of systematization in questioning may be necessary, especially in a multisite case study or when many participants are interviewed
• Focus Group Interviewing


  Involves 7-10, at time 6-8 people, who are unfamiliar with one another and have been selected because they share certain characteristic that are relevant to the research inquiry or problem
• Content Analysis


  Systematic examination of forms of communication to document patterns objectively- as is shown in letters, emails, minute for meetings, policy statements and a lot more
• Narratology


  Can be applied to many smoking or written story narrative inquiry requires a great deal of sensitivity between participant and researcher
• Films, Video and Photography


  Provide visual records of event, especially the films and video with capture the respective of the film maker videographer