Neuropathology IIa

• The very characteristic macroscopic finding in tuberculous meningitis is the gelatinous exudate
• A characteristic macroscopic finding of acute pyogenic meningitis is leptomeningeal exudate
• JC virus is the causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
• The predilection for blood vessel wall invasion is very characteristic for fungal infections caused by Aspergillus fumigatus
• Brain abscess occur through haemtogenous spread
• LFB shows demyelination in eastern equine encephalitis
• HSV encephalitis has cowdry type A bodies
• Neonates can have disseminated severe encephalitis when born to mothers with active primary HSV genital infections
• Negri bodies are seen in Rabies virus
• HIV encephalitis

  • Microglial nodules with giant cells
  • Axonal swelling & gliosis
  • CD4+ lymphocytes, macrophages & microglia
• Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

  • Myelin loss
  • lipid laden macrophages
  • bizarre astrocytes (characteristic)
• Fungal encephalitis (Cryptococcus neoformans)

  • India ink to confirm
  • Characteristic soap bubble appearance in Virchow Robin spaces
• Cerebral Toxoplasmosis triad (newborns)

  1. Chorioretinitis
  2. Hydrocephalus
  3. Intracranial calcifications
• Cerebral toxoplasmosis has free tachyzoites & encrusted bradyzoites at the periphery of the necrotic foci
• CJD has spongiform changes in the cerebral cortex & deep grey matter
• VCJD has amyloid plaques and spongiform changes
• Wedge shaped necrosis is for embolism stroke
• Cobblestone like surface is for polymicrogyria