Non-arthropods notes

• Phylum


  • Porifera
  • Non-Arthropod Invertebrates
• Porifera


  • Lack tissue & organs
  • Spongocoel-> large central cavity
  • Ostia -> pores on body surface
  • Radial Canals
  • Osculum-> at top of spange
  • Incurrent canals-> water passes by
  • Choanocytes -> trap small food particles
  • Flagella moves water
  • Collar - traps food particles
  • Microvilli -> Phagocytosis
  • Large Osculum -> pushes water out
  • Reproduce shed gametes
• Phylum Cnidaria


  • Hydrozoa
  • Scyphozoa
  • Cubozoa
  • Anthozoa
• Cnidaria


  • Filter Feeding
  • Epidermis
  • Diploblastic mesogica
  • Tentacles
  • Gastrodermis
  • Radially symmetrical
  • Cnidocytes stinging cells
• Medusa


  Cylindrical body form
• Polyp


  Circular body form
• Hydrozoan body forms


  • Polyp
  • Medusa
• Scyphozoan body forms


  • Medusa
  • Polyp
• Cubozoan body forms


  • Medusa
• Anthozoan body forms


  • Polyp
• Hydrozoa


  • Polyp, medusa only at sexual rep. stage
• Scyphozoa


  • Medusa, polyp only at sexual rep. stage
• Cubozoa


  • Medusa only
• Anthozoa


  • Only a polyp
• Solitary Hydrozoan - Hydra

  • Tentacles
  • Mouth
  • Bud
  • Gonads (testes and ovaries)
  • Basal disc (base)
• Hydra functions


  1. Ingestion of food and elimination of indigestible particles (egestion)

  2. Product of asexual reproduction; will fall off when mature and become a self sufficient organism

  3. Organs for sexual reproduction; Hydra are dioecious, meaning that an individual has either testes or ovaries, but not both (i.e. male or female)

  4. Specialized region for attachment to substrate
• Colonial Hydrozoan - Obelia

  • Hydranth (feeding polyp)
  • Gonangium (reproductive polyp)
  • Tentacles
  • Hypostome
  • Medusa buds
  • Coenosarc
  • Perisarc
• Obelia functions


  1. Polyp specialized for food acquisition

  2. Polyp specialized for reproduction

  3. Defense and prey capture

  4. Elevated mound of tissue which expands or contracts to regulate size of mouth opening

  5. Product of asexual reproduction; medusae will be released from the gonangium when mature and will produce either sperm or eggs

  6. Common chamber within which extracellular digestion occurs; nutrients are distributed throughout organism

  7. Translucent outer covering of organism; serves protection function

  8. Defense and prey capture

  9. Ingestion of food an egestion of indigestible particles

  10. Organs for sexual reproduction; either testes or ovaries
• Scyphozoa - Aurelia


  • Algae inside = zooxanthellae
• Platyhelminthes body plan


  • Triploblastic
  • Coelomate -> central space filled with mesoderm, no true body cavity
  • Pseudocoelomate - central body cavity inbetween endoderm & mesoderm
  • Coelomate-> central body within mesoderm
• Platyhelminthes


  Flat worms
• Platyhelminthes


  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
  • Cephalization
• Platyhelminthes classes


  • Turbellaria
  • Trematoda
  • Cestoda
• Turbellaria - Planaria


  • Eyespots-> sense light
  • Auricles-> Chemoreceptors that detect dissolve Chemicals in water
  • Brain & Ladder-Like Nervous System-> Sensory structures
  • Gastrovascular cavity-> intestine (dark stain)
  • Pharynx clear tube for feeding
  • Flame Cells->help push out waste
• Trematoda - Flukes


  • Monoecious->self fertilization
  • Endoparasite- lives inside host
  • Suckers help attach to host
  • Cuticle → prevents being digested by host's digestive system
  • Anterior Sucker
  • Pharynx
  • Gastrovascular Cavity
  • Ventral Sucker
• Cestoda - Tapeworms


  • Cuticle->prevent being digested
  • Scolex-> (head) modifications
  • Hooks & Suckers-> to get inside host intestinal walls
  • Proglottids
  • Lack mouth & gastrovascular cavity
  • Absorbs nutrients
• Nematoda


  • Pseudocoelom -> body cavity lies between a layer of mesoderm & gastrodermis
  • Complete digestive tract -> has mouth & anus
  • Unsegmented, tapered, tubular bodies, Cuticle
  • Dioecious sexes, separated
  • Females larger than males
  • Range mm to meters in length
• Nematoda - Onchocerca, Elephantiasis, Guinea worm


  • Cause blindness
  • Lymphatic blockage
  • When host bathes offsprings are released
• Nematoda - Roundworm (Ascaris)

  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Intestine
  • Anus
  • Lateral lines
  • Pseudocoelom
  • Testis (male)
  • Genital pore (female)
  • Vagina (female)
  • Branched uterus (female)
  • Oviduct (female)
  • Ovary (female)
• Roundworm functions


  1. Ingestion of food

  2. Muscularized region of digestive tract that "pumps" food through the mouth and into the intestine

  3. Ribbon-like digestive tract where absorption of nutrients occurs

  4. Elimination indigestible wastes (egestion)

  5. Longitudinal canals that function as the excretory system of roundworm, releasing nitrogenous wastes in the form of ammonia and urea
• Mollusca


  • Clams
  • Mussels
  • Scallops
  • Oysters
  • Snails
  • Slugs
  • Octopuses
  • Squids
  • Chambered nautilus
• Mollusca


  • Bilaterally symmetrical
  • Unsegmented organisms
  • Has true coelom
  • Has organ systems
  • Shell (reduce or absent in some species) -> protective
  • Mantle & mantle cavity
  • Visceral mass-houses major internal organs
  • Foot -> locomotion
• Mollusca classes


  • Gastropoda
  • Bivalvia
  • Cephalopoda
• Gastropoda - Snails & Slugs


  • "Stomach-foot"
  • Foot on ventral side, used for locomotion
  • Snails identify by: single shell coiled
  • Slugs identify by: no shell, no torsion
• Bivalvia - Clams, Oysters, etc.


  • Has 2 shells, they are like a "value" (open & close)
  • Gills-> used for gas exchange & filter-feeding
  • Water flows in the incurrent siphon -> gills
  • Sedentary
• Cephalopoda - Squid, Octopi, Cuttlefish, Nautili

  • "Head - foot"
  • Foot is in head region
  • Have tentacles
  • Mantle & mantle cavity locomotion for squid & nautili
  • Octopi-> locomotion by "walking" with their tentacles
  • Nautili -> have a single coiled shell w/ gas chambers
• Annelida


  • Ring-like segments
  • True coelom
  • Segmentation
  • Closed circulatory system -> w/hearts, arteries, veins
  • Complete digestive system
  • Setae - small, hair like bristles -> used for locomotion
  • Hermaphroditic-> can have both male & female organs
  • Free-living, don't need host
  • Don't self-fertilize, they cross-fertilize
• Annelida classes


  • Polychaeta
  • Clitellata
• Polychaeta - Free living marine worms


  • Identify by parapodia presence
  • Fleshy appendages
• Clitellata


  • Use setae for locomotion & gas exchange organs
  • No parapodia or hermaphroditism
  • Has clitellom ->reproductive structure