Lab Quiz 2

• Ragworm - pinned structures

  Phylum Annelida

  Polychaeta

  
  

  Parapodia - locomotion + gas exchange

  Peristomium - bears 4 sensory tentacular cirri

  
• Katharina (Chiton) - pinned structures

  Phlyum Mollusca

  Class Polyplacophora

  
  

  Foot - locomotion, sticks animal to substrate using mucus secreted by epithelium

  Mantle Cavity - 50-60 gills, ciliated epithelium generate respiratory current

  Valves - allow animal to roll into ball for protection

  
• Crayfish - pinned structures

  Phylum Arthropoda

  Subphylum Crustacea

  Class Malacostraca

  
  

  Cervical Groove - shows division between head + thorax

  Tail fan = uropod + telson - forward jet of water propels animal backwards

  Antennules - chemosensory

  2nd Antennae - sense touch + taste, bear nephridiopore, males are hooked

  1st Pleopod - males, transfer sperm to females, locomotion

  2nd - 5th Pleopods - females, hold eggs + young, locomotion

  Cheliped - grasp food

  2nd - 3rd Pereopod - transfer food to mouth

  Rostrum - protects eyes

  2nd Maxillae - generates respiratory current

  
• Goose Barnacle - pinned structures

  Phylum Arthropoda

  Subphylum Crustacea

  Class Thecostraca

  
  

  Scutal adductor muscle - connects carapace

  Peduncle - Stalk

  Capitulum - everything else

  Cirri - cast out net to get food, bear setae

  Mantle Cavity - fertilization occurs, eggs brooded within

  
• Worm Millipede - pinned structures

  Phylum Arthropoda

  Subphylum Myriapoda

  Class Diplopoda

  
  

  Head Capsule - Covers head for protection

  Gnathochilarium = fused 1st maxillae

  Successive rings joined by articular membrane

  
• Horseshoe Crab - pinned structures

  Phylum Arthropoda

  Subphylum Chelicerata

  Subclass Arachnida

  
  

  Pedipalds - males have a hook for copulation

  Pushers - push sediment out of the way

  Telson - helps flip the animal back over

  Chelicera - grasping organ

  tips of legs, gnathobase - grind + tear food

  
• Scorpion - pinned structures

  Phylum Arthropoda

  Subphylum Chelicerata

  Subclass Arachnida

  
  

  Chelicera - stout pincers, form roof of preoral cavity

  Pedipalps - prey capture, defense + bear sensory setae

  Telson - Poison glands for prey capture

  2nd Abdomen Segments with chemosensory pectines

  Abdomen segments 3 - 6 with paired spiracles
• Sea Squirt - Adult - pinned structures

  Phylum Chordata

  Subphylum Urochordata

  Class Ascidiacea

  
  

  Buccal/Oral Siphon - opens into the anterior of the gut during feeding, food + water enter

  Atrial Siphon - Connects atrium to exterior, food + water exit

  Tunic - Living exoskeleton, no molting required

  Endostyle - entangles food in mucus

  
• Sea Squirt Larva - pinned structures

  Phylum Chordata

  Subphylum Urochordata

  Class Ascidiacea

  
  

  Cerebral Vesicle W/ Statocyst - gravity detection and eyespot - photoreception

  Adhesive Papillae - attach to substrate

  
• Earthworms - terrestrial


  Identifying Features

  - clitellum

  - girdle-like band of secretory epidermis

  - produce mucus during copulation + make cocoon for eggs

  Adaptations to Land

  - countershading

  - chatae = anchors used for burrowing

  - coelomic pores can moisten worm with flud

  - gas exchange via epidermis

  Feeding Mechanisms + Strategies

  - gut is straight tude

  - radial muscles throughout pharynx for contraction/dilation

  - claciferous glands remove excess Ca and CO2 from blood -> gut as crystals

  - gizzard for mechanical digestion

  - crop for food storage
• Gastropoda - terrestrial


  Identifying Features

  - coiled asymmetrical shell + muscular foot

  Adaptations to Land

  - mantle cavity -> air-breathing lung

  - pneumostome

  - pore in mantle cavity allows air to be trapped within

  Feeding Mechanisms + Strategies

  - small chitinous teeth on radula

  - scrapes against food like file and sweeps loose foot into mouth
• Velvet Worms - terrestrial

  Identifying Features

  - oral papillae -> secretes slime for prey capture

  Adaptations to Land

  - body surface = hydrophobic

  - chitinous claws at tips of legs for grip

  - legs move via hydrostatic skeleton

  Feeding Mechanisms + Strategies

  - oral papillae secrets slime for prey capture

  - mandibles lacerate prey

  - hydrolytic enzymes in saliva digest prey + liquefy

  - liquid sucked in via muscular pharynx
• Pillbugs - terrestrial


  Identifying Features

  - ability to roll into ball to avoid predation

  Adaptations to Land

  - desiccation avoided behaviourly by living in moist habitats

  - rolling into ball traps moisture on gills

  Feeding Mechanisms + Strategies

  - feed on decaying matter
• Springtails - terrestrial


  Identifying Features

  - furcula + 6 seg. abd.

  Adaptations to Land

  - furcula to avoid predation

  - collophore for osmoregulation + water intake

  Feeding Mechanisms + Strategies

  - most suck juices from plants
• Lubber Grasshopper - terrestrial

  Identifying Features

  - 2 hind tibial spurs

  - hind legs modified for jumping

  - aposematically coloured

  - tympanal membrane

  Adaptations to Land

  - waxy epicuticle to inhibit water loss

  - closeable spiracles

  - direct sperm transfer to avoid desiccation

  Feeding Mechanisms + Strategies

  - chewing mouthparts

  - maxillary palps = reception of chemical stimuli

  - eat lilies which produce allelochemicals -> ingest toxins and use for defence
• Centipedes - terrestrial


  Identifying Features

  - long antennae + legs increasing in length

  Adaptations to Land

  - unpaired, uncloseable spiracles for breathing

  - live in moist habitats to avoid desiccation

  Feeding Mechanisms + Strategies

  - poison glands + fang-like forcipules

  - rely on speed + quick reflexes
• Millipedes - terrestrial


  Identifying Features

  - cylindrical body

  - 2 legs per segment

  Adaptations to Land

  - unpaired, uncloseable spiracles for breathing

  - live in moist habitats to avoid desiccation

  - tergites overlap = roll into ball

  Feeding Mechanisms + Strategies

  - mandibles + gnathochilarium

  - females regurgitate veggie matter into cup + lay eggs in it
• Scorpion - terrestrial


  Identifying Features

  - tail-like postabdomen with telson

  - pedipalps

  Adaptations to Land

  - internal gas exchange via book lungs

  - waterproof integument

  Feeding Mechanisms + Strategies

  - digestion prior to ingestion

  - telson houses 2 poison glands to quell prey

  - chelicerae hold + tears prey

  - pedipalps for prey capture
• Garden Spider - terrestrial

  Identifying Features

  - 8 legs positioned above body

  - bulbous abdomen

  Adaptations to Land

  - alpha-chitinous exoskeleton

  - waxy epicuticle

  - respiration via book lungs and/or tracheae

  Feeding Mechanisms + Strategies

  - chelicera bear fangs with neurotoxins + proteolytic enzymes for prey capture + digestion

  - pedipalps masticates food + mixes with digestive enzymes

  - fringes of setae on pedipalps coxae + labium filter slurry of food -> only allow liquid and small particles

  - silk glands -> web = prey capture
• Ticks - terrestrial


  Identifying Features

  - suppressed segments

  Adaptations to Land

  - leathery integument

  - internal gas exchange

  Feeding Mechanisms + Strategies

  - parasitic - free living liquify food first

  - female scutum is smaller to allow more blood to fit

  - gnathostome with recurved teeth to prevent separation

  - find prey via scent, breath, heat, moisture or vibrations
• Articulate Brachiopod - dissection

  Pedicle - attachment organ

  Abductor Muscle - opens shell

  Adductor Muscle - closes shell

  Brachial Groove - between lophophore tentacles + brachium = transports food to mouth

  Lophophore Tentacles - feeding current

  
• Lubber Grasshopper - dissection


  Labrum - upper lip, bears setae

  Mandibles - biting + chewing

  
• Earthworm - dissection + pinned structures

  Calciferous Gland - removes excess Ca + CO2 from blood -> gut as crystals

  Crop - food storage

  Gizzard - mechanical digestion

  Chlorogogen - glycogen + lipid storage, AA deamification, synthesis of urea + NH4, high iron concentration, bright yellow/orange colour is due to lipids

  Seminal Vesicle - stores autosperm

  Seminal Reciptical - stores allosperm

  
• Quahog Clam - dissection

  Umbo - break

  Retractor Muscle - pulls foot back into cavity

  Adductor muscles - pull valves together

  Exhalent Siphon - expels water

  Inhalant Siphon - brings water in + expels indigestible food

  Labial palp - sorts food vs indigestible matter

  
• Brief Squid - dissection

  Brachial Heart - supplies gills with unoxygenated blood

  Systemic Heart - supplies body with oxygenated blood

  Stellate Ganglia - motor axons

  Funnel Retractor Muscle - direct jet stream of water

  
• Green Sea Urchin - dissection

  Siphon - water channel that bypasses stomach to avoid dilution

  Madreporite - seawater enters cavity

  Aristotle's Lantern - reeding apparatus with 5 teeth

  
• Sea Star - dissection

  Cardiac Stomach - everted during feeding

  Pyloric Ceca - Digestion

  Tiedemann's bodies - remove foreign particles via phagocytosis

  
• Leeches - parasitic adaptations

  - Hemal system reduced

  - Suckers with glands that secrete adhesives

  - 3 Jaws with y-shaped incisions made by teeth

  - Saliva contains substances to anesthetize the area, dilate blood vessels to increase blood flow + prevent blood clotting

  - Anticoagulant = Hirudin - prevents blood clots in surgery

  - Mechanoreceptive neuron endings on body surface
• Pig Roundworm - parasitic adaptations

  - Eggs remain viable for up to 20 years

  - No circular muscles

  - Thick proteinaceous cuticle
• Whale Barnacles - parasitic adaptations

  - Shell plates full of cavities and fissures to provide secure hold on epidermis
• Ticks - parasitic adaptations


  - female scutum = smaller to feed more to produce eggs

  - indistinct segments

  - lack hemal system

  - recurved teeth to prevent seperation
• Relationships between Annelids, Molluscs, Arthropods + Echinoderms

  Body Symmetry

  - all bilateral

  - echinoderm adults = radial

  - cephalopods (molluscs) vary
• Relationships between Annelids, Molluscs, Arthropods + Echinoderms

  Body Cavity


  - all coelomate, reduced in arthropods
• Relationships between Annelids, Molluscs, Arthropods + Echinoderms

  Nervous System

  annelids = centralized with ventral nerve cord

  molluscs + arthropods = centralized with ganglia

  echinoderm = radial nerve network
• Relationships between Annelids, Molluscs, Arthropods + Echinoderms

  Circulatory System

  annelids + cephalopods = closed

  molluscs + arthropods = open

  echinoderms = water vascular system, no true circulatory system
• Relationships between Annelids, Molluscs, Arthropods + Echinoderms

  Respiratory System


  annelids = skin or gills

  molluscs = gills or lungs

  arthropods = gills, tracheal tubes or book lungs

  echinoderms = skin, gills, papillae
• Relationships between Annelids, Molluscs, Arthropods + Echinoderms

  Excretory System

  annelids = nephridia

  molluscs = renal organs

  arthropods = Malpighian tubules or green glands

  echinoderms = no specialized system/organs
• Relationships between Annelids, Molluscs, Arthropods + Echinoderms

  Reproductive Systems

  annelids + molluscs = sexual, some hermaphrodites

  arthropods + echinoderms = mostly sexual
• Relationships between Annelids, Molluscs, Arthropods + Echinoderms

  Habitats

  annelids + molluscs + arthropods = terrestrial, marine + freshwater

  echinoderms = marine
• Phylum Bryozoa


  Lophophorata

  - colonial

  - protective outer covering

  - can withdraw lophophore into covering

  - attached to substrate