Water Soluble Vitamins

• Fortification 


  Adding micronutrients to a food that were not present (or in small amounts) prior to processing

  EX) Adding vitamin D to milk
• Enrichment

  Adding micronutrients back to a food that were lost during processing

  EX) Adding back fiber that was removed
• All B-Vitamins form


  coenzymes

  Function in energy metabolism
• Thiamin (B1) Energy metabolism

  Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

  TCA cycle
• Thiamin Upper Level


  None, excess is excreted
• Beriberi


  Thiamin Deficiency where body does not have enough vitamin B-1.

  Prolonged Thiamin Deficiency
• Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome


  Thiamin Deficiency

  Mainly seen in heavy alcohol users (alcohol increases excretion)

  Emotional disturbances

  Impaired cognition

  Brain damage in thalamus and hypothalamus
• Riboflavin (B2) Functions

  2 coenzymes of energy metabolism (FMN) (FAD)

  Energy Metabolism (TCA Cycle, Beta-oxidation)

  Antioxidant function
• Riboflavin Upper Limit


  None, Excess excreted in urine
• Ariboflavinosis


  Riboflavin Deficiency

  Inflammation of throat, mouth (stomatitis), tongue (glossitis)

  Cracking around mouth corners

  Dermatitis
• Niacin (B3) found in foods, such as 


  poultry, meat, fish, enriched bread, mushrooms, peanuts
• Niacin exists in 2 forms


  Coenzymes: (NAD+)(NADP+)

  Nicotinic Acid

  Nicotinamide

  Required for catabolism of carbs, fat, protein, alcohol synthetic pathways
• NAD+ & NADP+


  Participate in oxidation-reduction reactions

  Required for metabolism of ALL energy-yielding nutrients
• Niacin does have an upper level 


  True
• We can synthesize Niacin 


  True
• Niacin Toxicity


  "Niacin flush"- red and hot face
• Niacin Deficiency

  Pellagra:

  Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia, Death
• Pantothenic Acid (B5) Food Sources


  Meat, Milk, Vegetables
• Pantothenic Acid Functions


  Component of CoA forms Acetyl CoA

  Part of Acyl carrier protein (required to synthesize fats)
• Pantothenic Acid Upper Level and Deficiency


  None and Rare
• Vitamin B6 foods


  Meat, Fortified cereals, bananas, potatoes
• Vitamin B6 Functions


  Metabolism: PLP coenzyme involved in amino acid metabolism- transamination (moving one amino acid from one amino group to another)
• Vitamin B6 Functions

  Synthesis of compounds: Heme
• Vitamin B6 Deficiency

  Rare: microcytic hypochromic anemia
• Vitamin B6 Upper limit


  True

  Could lead to Irreversible nerve damage if exceeded
• We can synthesize Biotin


  True
• Biotin Functions


  Coenzyme in carboxylase reactions

  Required for metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
• Biotin Upper Level


  None
• _____ binds to and inactivates biotin

  Avidin
• Choline (B4) foods

  Animal orgin

  Grains

  Nuts

  Vegetables

  Fruits
• Functions of Choline

  Component of phospholipids

  Helps carnitine moves fatty acids into the cells
• Choline has an upper level 


  True
• Folate food sources 


  Legumes

  Leafy green vegetables

  Avocados

  Oranges

  Foods enriched with folic acid
• Folate as a Coenzyme


  DNA synthesis (converts uracil to thymine)

  Converts vitamin B12 to coenzyme form

  Amino Acid metabolism

  Regenerates methionine form homocysteine

  Neurotransmitter synthesis
• Folate has an Upper Level


  True
• Folate Deficiency 


  Neural Tube Defects

  Spina bifida, anecephaly (the brain for baby)

  All women capable of getting pregnant urged to take 400 micrograms of folic acid (development of spinal cord early in development)
• Folate Deficiency


  Megaloblasts: remain in bone marrow

  Macrocytes are found in bloodstream

  Megaloblastic, (macrocytic) anemia
• B12 found in 


  animal products only
• B12 upper limit


  None
• Absorption of Vitamin B12

  Requires R protein and intrinsic factor in GI for absorption