History

• UK population 7 million, 13% lived in cities, 80% worked on farms, Life expectancy: Men 31, Women 33

  1700
• UK population 37 million, 87% lived in cities, Life expectancy: Men 45, Women 48


  1900
• Great Exhibition


  1,851 feet long and 128 feet high, 6 million visitors, 13,000 exhibits, Made £186,000
• Wages


  • Pauper apprentices: food and place to stay
  • Children: 3p/day
  • Women: 6p/day
  • Men: 12p/day
• Fines


  • 3p for lateness
  • 6p for whistling
  • 6p for being ill
• 83 miles of sewers built over 10 years
• Edwin Chadwick


  • Reformer who changed the Poor Law in 1834, his report on Public Health made the government take responsibility for public health
• Joseph Bazelgette


  • Designed sewers
• John Snow


  • Proved that cholera was caused by bacteria in water
• Louis Pasteur


  • Invented pasteurisation when heating up liquids to kill bacteria
• Lady Alice Acland


  • Led the co-operative women's guild that fought for free school meal, better housing and clean water
• Whitechapel Murders


  • Mary Ann Nichols
  • Annie Chapman
  • Elizabeth Stride
  • Kate Eddowes
  • May Jane Kelly
• Michael Sadler


  • Set up a report to change life for child labourers
• The Great stink was a name for London after it was polluted
• Factories


  1. Invention of machines

  2. Life was horrible

  3. Children as young as 6 expected to work 12-14 hours a day
• Dangers of factory work

  • Bowed legs
  • Fractured bones
  • Scavenger roles - children could be crushed by machines
  • Lung disease from cotton lung
• Food in factories


  • Porridge
  • Only 40 minutes to eat
  • Food leftovers given to pigs
• Problems in cities


  • Waste and cesspools leaked into water pumps
  • Stinking water filled the streets
  • Water pumps often one per street or none at all
  • Food was limited and contaminated
  • Back to back houses meant lack of air so disease spread quickly
• TB was a disease that attacked the lungs
• The Factory act


  1833
• Public health act - created a central health board

  1848
• The Great exhibition


  1851
• Refrigeration not invented till then

  1880
• 5 women were murdered in Whitechapel


  1888