Law + Order Counter-Reforms

• Shuvalov increased persecution of ethnic and religious minorities.
• Pahlen made sure an example was made of those accused of political agitation.
• From 1879, Governor-Generals tried political offenders in military courts.

  Radicals that fled abroad were hunted down and brought back for trial.
• Pahlen used “show trials” to deter others but this backfired with the Trial of 50 in 1877, and the Trial of 193 in 1878 were 153 were acquitted.

  
  

  Alongside the Vera Zasulich case of 1878, this led to political crimes to be transferred to secret courts.