PD Week 2

• Adolescence


  Transitional stage of physical and psychological development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to adulthood
• Adolescence

  • Usually associated with the teenage years, but its physical, psychological or cultural expressions may begin earlier or end later
• Male puberty changes

  1. Enlargement of scrotum and testes

  2. Penis growth

  3. Pubic hair growth

  4. Body size increase

  5. Chest swelling

  6. Voice changes

  7. Hair growth

  8. Oily skin and sweating

  9. Erections and ejaculation
• Female puberty changes

  1. Breast development

  2. Pubic, underarm and leg hair growth

  3. Menstruation

  4. Growth spurt

  5. Hip widening

  6. Acne and body odor
• Phases of adolescence

  • Early adolescence (10-14 years)
  • Middle adolescence (15-17 years)
  • Late adolescence (18-24 years)
• Identity


  The qualities, beliefs, personality traits, appearance, and/or expressions that characterize a person or a group
• Younger adolescents tend to be largely conventional in their moral reasoning, basing judgement on laws, rules and norms imposed by society
• Experiences of adolescents

  • Wanting independence from parents
  • Peer influence and acceptance is very important
  • Peer relationships become very important
  • May be in love
  • May have long-term commitments in relationships
• Neurotransmitters

  Chemical messengers in the body that transmit signals from nerve cells to target cells
• Neurotransmitter release and action

  1. Released from synaptic vesicles into synaptic cleft

  2. Interact with neurotransmitter receptors on target cell

  3. Effect on target cell determined by receptor
• Cognitive triangle


  Relationship between thoughts, feelings, and actions - thoughts influence feelings which influence actions which influence thoughts
• Thoughts affect neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers that allow the brain to communicate
• Adolescence

  from the Latin word "adolescere" meaning "to mature"
• Socio-emotional Development

  is how children start to understand who they are, what they are feeling and what to expect when interacting with others that is largely characterized by the quest for identity during adolescence stage.
• Serotonin

  • inhibitory neurotransmitter
  • regulates mood, sleep patterns, sexuality, anxiety, appetite, and pain
• Histamine

  • regulates body functions
  • wakefulness, feeding behavior and motivation
• Dopamine

  • plays a role in our body’s reward system
  • feeling pleasure, achieving heightened arousal, and learning
• Epinephrine

  • also called adrenaline and norepinephrine
  • responsible for our body’s fight-or-flight response to fear and stress
• Endorphins

  • body’s natural pain reliever
  • play a role in our perception of pain release reduces pain and causes a “feel good” feeling
• Norepinephrine

  • also called noradrenaline
  • increases blood pressure and heart rate
  • known for its effects on alertness, arousal, decision-making, attention, and focus
• Thoughts affecting Emotions

  Gina fails a college entrance admission. She starts believing she is not good enough for college and feels bad about her abilities.
• Thoughts affecting Behavior

  It's Peter’s first day in Senior High. He’s convinced that he’ll prioritize meeting new friends. He then initiates conversations with his new classmates.
• Emotions affecting Behavior

  Cindy has an upcoming exam in General Mathematics. She feels hopeless about her math abilities and delays studying, resorting to doing something else.
• Emotions affecting Thoughts

  Dan’s parents decided to cancel their trip to Boracay. Dan felt disappointed and frustrated and thinks his parents are unfair.
• Behavior affecting Thoughts

  Anna studied hard for her exam in Contemporary Arts and got a high score. She kept a regular schedule for studying and believes that she can pass the subject.
• Behavior affecting Emotions

  Raffy’s English teacher reprimanded him for not turning in his performance task and instead, he ignored his teacher. He then starts feeling uneasy when he sees his teacher.
• Types of Neurotransmitters

  A) Dopamine

  B) Acetylcholine

  C) Norepinephrine

  D) Gaba

  E) Serotonin